European Union - member states, potential and future EU enlargement(also some western European countries in 2021 are not EU members), EU Parliament elections 2024, 2022 elections in Europe, 2022 local electoral calendar, 2022 national electoral calendar EU states and worldwide and list of elections in 2022 by continent

(Article since June 2011)







Austria - Geography of Austria - History of Austria - Demographics of Austria
Economy of Austria: Economy of Austria - List of companies of Austria - Tourism in Austria
Agriculture in Austria: Agriculture in Austria
Tourism in Austria: Tourism in Austria - Tourist attractions in Austria - Austria–Slovenia border
September 2019: 6 September 2019: German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits in the Tyrolean Alps last August
Banking in Austria: Banking in Austria - Banks of Austria - Hypo Group Alpe Adria - bank scandal - 14 December 2009: Austria nationalises ailing Hypo Group Alpe Adria
April 2013 banking secrecy: 8. April 2013: Nach Luxemburg beginnt auch in Österreich das Bankgeheimnis zu bröckeln
Economic history of Austria and economic cycles: Economic history of Austria
Labor in Austria: Labor in Austria - Labour disputes in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Taxation in Austria: Taxation in Austria
Politics of Austria: Politics of Austria - Political parties in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Elections and politics in Austria: Elections in Austria
2008: 28 September 2008 Austrian legislative election
2010: 25 April 2010 Austrian presidential election - 10 October 2010 Viennese state election
2013: 3 March 2013 Carinthian state election - 3 mars 2013: En Carinthie les différents instituts de sondages donnent autour de 32% (contre 28,8% en 2009) au candidat social-démocrate Peter Kaiser contre seulement autour de 21% au gouverneur sortant de l'Etat régional - Landtagswahl in Niederösterreich 2013
September 2013 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2013 Austrian legislative election - 29 septembre: Ouverture des bureaux de vote pour 6,4 millions d'électeurs qui doivent renouveler les 183 députés de leur Conseil national - 29 septembre: La coalition sortante des sociaux-démocrates et conservateurs remporte la majorité absolue, forte poussée de l'extrême droite
2014 European Parliament election: Austria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
2015 Styrian and Vienna election: 31 May 2015 Styrian state election, Social Democrats win Styrian state election, securing 29.29% of the vote despite Freedom party gains - 11 October 2015: Social Democrats win Vienna election, securing 39.5% of Sunday’s vote, ahead of the Freedom party on 31%
April 2016 Austrian presidential election: 24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election - 25 April 2016: Far-right and anti-immigration 'Freedom' party's Norbert Hofer takes 36% of the vote as candidates from the two governing parties fail to make runoff
May 2016: 9 May 2016: Faymann quits as Austrian chancellor - 21 May 2016: Far-right Austrian presidential candidate Hofer accused of lying over Jerusalem terror incident
22 May Austrian presidential election second round - 23 mai 2016: Alexander Van der Bellen, former Green party leader, elected president in Austria in narrow defeat for far right
July 2016: 1 juillet 2016: Après un coup de théâtre sans précédent de l'invalidation du résultat de l'élection présidentielle par la Cour constitutionnelle les Autrichiens vont retourner aux urnes pour élire un président
December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election: 4 December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election - 5 December 2016: Austria’s voters have resoundingly rejected anti-immigration and eurosceptic Hofer’s bid to become EU’s first far-right president, instead electing former leader of the Green party Van der Bellen who said he would be an 'open-minded, liberal-minded and above all a pro-European president', a result greeted with relief
January 2017: 30. Januar 2017: SPÖ und ÖVP stimmen neuem Regierungspakt zu
October 2017 Austrian legislative election: 15 October 2017 Austrian legislative election - 16 October 2017: Stoking concerns about a record influx of migrants into Europe following the failure of the international community to tackle crises in the Middle East and Africa, Austria's 'People’s Party' got 31.4% of the vote, the 'Freedom Party' came in second with 27.4% and the 'Social Democratic Party of Austria', which now governs in coalition with 'People’s Party', got 26.7% - 24 October 2017: Austria’s Sebastian Kurz on Tuesday agreed to hold coalition talks with the FPÖ, potentially rekindling an alliance previously dubbed a 'pact with the devil' by the media
December 2017: 15/16 December 2017: Having Nazi roots and campaigning on an anti-immigrant platform Austria’s anti-immigration FPOe and the OeVP agreed a coalition deal - 20 December 2017: Rise of 'Freedom Party' founded in 1956 by a former SS officer raises fears Austria hasn’t learned from Nazi past
January/February 2018: 11 January 2018: The Jewish Community of Vienna, which represents most Jews in Austria, continues long-standing policy of boycotting the 'Freedom Party' with its Nazi roots, as Israel also rejects meetings with party ministers - 24 January 2018: FPÖ candidate for state office Udo Landbauer was a member of student fraternity whose songbook contains Nazi lyrics - 21 Februar 2018: Austrian Jewish students disrupted cabinet minister Fassmann’s speech at a conference on anti-Semitism over the fact that Kurz government includes politicians from the 'Freedom Party' known for anti-Semitic and racist incidents involving its members and leaders
Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition
26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Austria: 26 mai 2019 élections européennes en Autriche
27-31 May 2019: 27 mai 2019: Le chancelier autrichien Sebastian Kurz a été renversé par une motion de censure adoptée par les principaux partis d'opposition, dix jours après le scandale de l'Ibizagate qui a fait exploser la coalition qu'il avait formée avec l'extrême droite - 31 May 2019: Austria gets its first female chancellor, for now as constitutional court president Brigitte Bierlein named as interim premier
July 2019: 2 juillet 2019: Le parlement autrichien a approuvé mardi une interdiction totale du glyphosate sur le territoire national, au nom du 'principe de précaution'
September 2019 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2019 Austrian legislative election in the second half of the year, called as a result of 2019 Ibiza affair and the breakup of the ruling ÖVP–FPÖ coalition in May 2019 - Opinion polling for the 2019 Austrian legislative election
November 2019 three people arrested in connection with FPÖ-Strache video: 20 November 2019: Austrian prosecutors say three people have been arrested in connection with a video that triggered the collapse of the government earlier this year
2 January 2020 Greens enter government with conservatives: 2 janvier 2020: L'Autriche va être dirigée par une coalition inédite entre les conservateurs et les écologistes, deux partis aux orientations politiques si éloignées que leur programme commun dévoilé jeudi sera déterminant pour la pérennité de leur alliance
5 January 2020 foreign country behind cyberattack on information systems: 5 January 2020: Austria suspects a foreign country is behind a serious cyberattack on information systems at its Foreign Ministry that continued on Sunday, the ministry said
5 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 5 novembre 2020: Le gouvernement autrichien a admis mercredi des erreurs de ses services de renseignements, qui ont minimisé la dangerosité du suspect de l’attaque terroriste qui endeuille Vienne - 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
9 October 2022 Austrian presidential election: 9 October 2022 presidential election in Austria, as - in case no candidate reaches a majority of valid votes cast - a runoff would be held on 6 November. Incumbent Alexander Van der Bellen is eligible for one more term and is running for re-election. About 6.36 million voting-age citizens will be eligible to vote. - Opinion polls for the 9 October 2022 presidential election
Social movements, criticism and protests: Protests in Austria
2009: 2009 student protests in Austria
2013: 2 February 2013: Nine protesters have been arrested for civil disorder in demonstrations against a right-wing ball in Vienna's imperial Hofburg Palace - 20 April 2013: Austrians disagree with their government over the need to maintain the country's banking secrecy, according to polls which showed a majority in favour of lifting the controversial measure
2015: 31 January 2015: Austrian police hold 38 people as thousands protest outside controversial palace ball in Vienna
September 2015: 1 September 2015: About 20,000 people took to the streets of Vienna on the eve of 1 September to demonstrate against ill-treatment of refugees, after the bodies of 71 people were found on Austria’s A4 motorway in an abandoned truck last week and as the European refugee and migrant crisis escalates - 1 September 2015: Along with several hundred citizens wanting to pay respect to refugees, Vienna and Austrian officials hold memorial for 71 refugees found dead in an abandoned lorry
2016: 1 May 2016: Around 80,000 people on May Day in Vienna greeted SPÖ's Faymann with loud boos and calls to step down, following the ruling coalition’s handling of the refugee and migrant crisis, rising unemployment and disastrous defeat in presidential ballot
December 2017 protest against ÖVP/Freedom party deal: 18 December 2017: Thousands protest as natioalist ministers enter government in Austria, following a deal of ÖVP with the 'Freedom party' founded after the second world war by former members of the Nazi party
January 2018 'Never Again' protest: 13/14 January 2018: Thousands of Austrians gathered to protest against the new coalition government, which includes the FPO founded by former Nazis, with a march in Vienna, carrying placards reading 'Never Again' and chanting slogans such as 'Don't Let Nazis Govern'
June 2018: 30 juin 2018: Plus de 80'000 personnes ont manifesté samedi face à la volonté du gouvernement d'étendre à 12 heures par jour et à 60 par semaine la durée maximale autorisée de travail
October 2018: 4 octobre 2018: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Vienne pour ressusciter les 'manifestations du jeudi' de l'année 2000 contre le premier gouvernement de coalition entre ÖVP et FPÖ
December 2018: 16 December 2018: Thousands of protesters in Vienna braved snow and icy temperatures Saturday to protest Austria’s ruling coalition between the conservatives and xenophobic FPOe a year after they came to power
Austrian society, demographics, culture and human rights: Austrian society
Human rights and legal history of Austria: Human rights in Austria - Legal history of Austria
9 states of Austria: 9 states of Austria, a federal republic made up of states (Länder, but 'Land' is also the German word for 'country', and the term 'Bundesländer' is often used instead to avoid ambiguity)
Cities and towns in Austria: List of cities and towns in Austria
Vienna city: Vienna city, the national capital and one of nine states of Austria, as Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre, also the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the EU - History of Vienna
Economy of Vienna: Economy of Vienna
Timeline of Vienna: Timeline of Vienna since 1st-millennium BCE, ending with 'Vindobona' settlement
1814/15 Congress of Vienna: 1814/15 Congress of Vienna, an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I, now chaired by Austria's von Metternich with the objective to provide a peace plan for Europe by settling now given critical issues
Since 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9: May 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9, op.125, composed between 1822 and 1824, as the symphony is regarded today by many citizens around the globe as composer's greatest work and also best-known works in common practice music, as it was the first example of a major composer using voices in a symphony with words are sung by vocal soloists and chorus taken from the 'Ode to Joy', since ending 20th century the anthem of the Council of Europe and the European Union EU, as e.g. in 2017 members of the Parliament of the UK during a vote sang 'Ode to Joy' to protest against 'Brexit'
March-November 1948 revolutions in Vienna and its empire: March-November 1948 revolutions in the Austrian Empire, as empire ruled from Vienna included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Romanians, Croats, Venetians, Serbs, all attempting in the course of the revolution to achieve more autonomy, independence, as the situation was further complicated by the simultaneous events in Germany (aiming greater German national unity) and European states sparked by the French revolution, as these democratic and even socialist currents were violently forcibly suppressed by more or less brutal aristocratic regimes
9 November 1848 execution of democrat Robert Blum in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques: 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
Since March 1938 annexation by NSDAP ruled Germany and Second World War: n March 1938 Nazi Germany occupied and annexed Austria in a process known as the 'Anschluss', as during World War II since September 1939, the city housed 12 sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, located in various parts of the city
In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' the Freud familiy was forced to leave Austria: In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' in which NSDAP-ruled Germany occupied Austria, followed by German empire's World War II, Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Association, after - unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin had obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in sufficient quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or internment, but she survived her interrogation ordeal, returned to the family home, and then - after her father had reluctantly accepted the urgent need to leave Vienna - she set about organizing the complex immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Jones (then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association), who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London, then - especially since the 1970s - Anna Freud was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, also studying deviations and delays in development, when her teaching - including seminars on crime and the family - led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes
1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and republic: 1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and Republic of Austria, independen since 1955
Salzburg city: Salzburg city, the capital city of the State of Salzburg and fourth-largest city in Austria, as in 2020, it had a population of 156,872 citizens
Demographics of Austria: Demographics of Austria - Austrians - Ethnic groups in Austria - Ethnic groups in Vienna
History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria begins with exodus of Jews from Palestine under Roman occupation - History of the Jews in Vienna - History of the Jews in Salzburg
Romani people in Austria: Romani people in Austria
Arabs in Austria: Arabs in Austria, the people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, Jordan
Filipinos in Austria: Filipinos in Austria
Hungarians in Austria: Hungarians in Austria
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria
Turks in Austria: Turks in Austria
Immigration and refugees in Austria: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
2014-2016: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Since 2015 Austrian border barrier: Austrian border barrier is a border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia, as a 'response' to the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 15 mai 2015: La Croix-Rouge a vivement critiqué la création de camps de tentes pour les demandeurs d'asile en Autriche, annoncé par le gouvernement - 28 August 2015: More than 70 migrants were found dead in an abandoned lorry on Austria’s A4 motorway between Neusiedl and Parndorf, registered to a Romanian citizen from the Hungarian city of Kecskemét - 29 August 2015: Three young children are recovering in hospital in Braunau from severe dehydration after police in Austria stopped a truck with 26 refugees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan and Bangladesh inside - 31 August: Austria toughens border controls in trafficking clampdown - 1 September 2015: Hundreds of refugees arrive from Hungary in Vienna and ran towards the next trains heading for Germany - 5 September: A first bus carrying refugees who have been stranded in the Hungarian capital reached the Austrian border early Saturday, after Austria and Germany agreed to take in refugees - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 7 September: As Thousands of refugees arrive by foot, buses, and trains to Vienna, Austrians offer food and water to arriving refugees - 10 September: Thousands more migrants stream into Austria from Hungary - 20 September 2015: Around 13,000 people entered Austria on Saturday, according to the Red Cross, after being shunted through Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia and forced away from these EU members - 23 October: As thousands more refugees and migrants have crossed from Slovenia to Austria, travelling for days from the Serbian border with Croatia, Austrian officials ask EU for more assistance to tackle refugee crisis
2016: 18 February 2016: Austria's announcement to limit the number of refugees allowed to enter its territory receives a sharp rebuke from the European commission which branded the move 'plainly incompatible' with international law
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy
2018: 2 mars 2018: Cinq migrants, quatre Iraniens et un Pakistanais, abandonnés dans le froid par des passeurs ont été secourus vendredi sur une autoroute du sud-est de l'Autriche où ils marchaient pour certains pieds nus
Culture and languages of Austria: Culture of Austria - Languages of Austria - Austrian German - Vienna culture
Music in Austria: Music in Austria
Viennese classical period of music: Viennese classical period of music in the 18th and 19th century - Musical development - 1732-1809 Joseph Haydn, born in Rohrau - 1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, born in Salzburg - 1770-1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, born in Bonn - 1797-1828 Franz Schubert, born in Vienna
Women in Austria: Women in Austria
Women's rights in Austria: Women's rights in Austria
Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918: Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918 with the foundation of the Republic of Austria after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy with the end of Central empires' World War I. While men had gained the right to vote in the years of 1861 until 1907, women were explicitly excluded from political participation since the February Patent in 1861.
20 November 2008 first female engine driver in Austria: 20. November 2008: Marina Knabl ist die jüngste Lokführerin Österreichs und zudem die Jüngste unter den 4.300 Berufskollegen. Als erste berufliche Station ist sie auf den Tiroler Bahnhöfen in Wörgl und Innsbruck als Verschublokführerin im Einsatz. Mit dem 21. Geburtstag erfüllt sich dann ihr Traum und sie wird laut ÖBB mit der 10.000 PS starken Tauruslokomotive unterwegs sein.
Education in Austria: Education in Austria - Education in Austria by state
Schools in Austria: Schools in Austria
Universities and colleges in Austria: Universities and colleges in Austria
Museums in Austria: Museums in Austria - Museums in Austria by state - Museums in Austria by city
History museums in Austria: History museums in Austria - Archives in Austria
Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum: Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum, 30 years after the Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp's liberation by the USA army - Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp complex consisted of the Mauthausen concentration camp east of Linz, plus a group of nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany
Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems: Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems, a regional museum in Austria that deals with the Jewish presence Hohenems, surrounding regions, and elsewhere in Europe, also covering - since there is no longer a Jewish community in Hohenems and it is no Jewish life left there - the Diaspora and Israel and with questions of the future of the European immigration society
2 May 2019: 2 May 2019: A majority of Austrians are unaware of the magnitude of the Holocaust and the number of Jews murdered, while concurrently downplaying their country’s role in the genocide, according to a study released on Israel’s Holocaust Remembrance Day, as Holocaust survivors before March of the Living warn amid surge of anti-Semitic incidents around the world
Health in Austria: Health in Austria
Healthcare in Austria: Healthcare in Austria
Hospitals in Austria: Hospitals in Austria - List of hospitals in Austria by city
'Steinhof' and 'Am Spiegelgrund' hospitals and Nazi regime's euthanasia programme: 'Steinhof' hospital in Vienna - during the Second World War, some 700 children were tortured and murdered in the hospital - Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO) became the head prison doctor in 'Am Steinhof' hospital in 1955, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine children with physical, mental and/or emotional/behavioral characteristics considered 'unclean' by the Nazi regime under its Euthanasia Program as Gross was head of the Spiegelgrund children's psychiatric clinic for two years during World War II, and as his role in hundreds of other cases of infanticide remained unclear - Am Spiegelgrund clinic - Action T4 euthanasia centres
April 2002: 29 April 2002: The remains of the last two of almost 800 children and babies killed in Vienna in the Nazi regime's euthanasia programme, who had been kept ntil recently in the cellar of the Spiegelgrund children's clinic in Vienna, where they died and where, until the early 90s, they remained under the supervision of Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO), who is alleged to have murdered them were laid to rest during a joint funeral and memorial service at Vienna central cemetery yesterday
April 2018: 19 April 2018: Austrian Dr Hans Asperger, after whom Asperger syndrome is named, was an active participant in the regime of National Socialism, assisting in the Third Reich’s euthanasia programme and supporting the concept of racial hygiene by deeming certain children unworthy to live, according to a study by medical historian Herwig Czech, following eight years of research
Media of Austria: Media of Austria
Newspapers in Austria: Newspapers in Austria
Broadcasting in Austria: Radio in Austria - TV in Austria
Internet in Austria: Internet in Austria
Crime in Austria: Crime in Austria
Austrian National Socialism: Austrian National Socialism, formed at the beginning of the 20th century taking a concrete form on 15 November 1903 when the German Worker's Party DAP was established in Austria with its secretariat stationed in the town of Usti nad Labem in the Czech Republic, its political organization DNSAP banned in early 1933 revived and made part of the German NSDAP after the German annexation of Austria in 1938
Antisemitism in Austria: Antisemitism in Austria - The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria - März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - 13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
Antisemitism and Neo-Nazism in contemporary Austria: Antisemitism in contemporary Austria - Neo-Nazism in Austria
2015 Austrian prosecutor says call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel: 11 February 2015: Call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel, Austrian prosecutor says - 4 April 2015: Anti-Israel protesters call 'Kill the Jews' in Vienna as Bosnian soccer fans join pro-Palestinian rally
2016 police officer shouting 'Heil Hitler': 20 octobre 2016: Un policier autrichien a été condamné à neuf mois de prison avec sursis pour avoir crié 'Heil Hitler' à un automobiliste lors d'un contrôle routier
2018 anti-Semitic hate speech incidents: 16 February 2018: Anti-Semitic hate speech incidents in Austria at all-time high, according to watchdog Forum Against Anti-Semitism, saying expression of hatred towards Jews has become more 'socially acceptable'
May 2019 photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized: 27 May 2019: Photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized for 3rd time
23 August 2020 assailant attacks Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen: 23 August 2020: Unknown assailant attacks the Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen with a wooden club on the premises of their synagogue, which was twice targeted by acts of vandalism in the past week
Terrorism in Austria: Terrorism in Austria - Terrorist incidents in Austria
1 May 1981 assassination of Austrian-Israeli Friendship League's Heinz Nittel: 1 May 1981 Heinz Nittel, a leader of the Austrian Socialist party and the president of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship League, was shot to death outside his home in Vienna by Hesham Mohammed Rajeh, as Rajeh was also indicted later for the 1981 Vienna synagogue attack
August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack: August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack, a terror attack on the Stadttempel of Vienna carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization, as the machine-gun and grenade attack killed two people and wounded 30 attending a Bar mitzvah service
December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks, when seven Arab terrorists attacked two airports in Rome and Vienna with assault rifles and hand grenades, killing nineteen civilians and wounding over a hundred others
1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks: 1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks, murdering four people and injuring 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices and five waves of 24 mailbombs in total - 1990s 'Bavarian Liberation Army', an Austrian neo-Nazi militant organization to create a single, 'Teutonic', ethnically homogeneous state, as the BBA claimed responsibility for several letter-bomb attacks in 1995, which killed one German in Munich and two Hungarian women in Linz), as Franz Fuchs was a self-declared BBA operator
2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack: 2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack, a series of shooting incidents as one or more gunmen opened fire with assault rifles near the street on which the central synagogue is located in Vienna, as deaths of four civilians and one perpetrator were confirmed in the hours after the attack, seven other people were critically and ten other people were injured, as Vienna Police Department said that the attacker who was killed was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was Islamist terrorism - 3 November 2020: 4 people killed in Vienna Islamist terror attack, as Jewish institutions to remain shut
4 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
20 December 2020 Austrian suspect arrested: 20 décembre 2020: Un Autrichien d’origine afghane ainsi qu’un autre individu, dont l’identité n’est pas précisée, ont été arrêtés, après l’ADN du premier a été retrouvé sur les armes utilisées dans l’attentat de Vienne du 2 novembre
Corruption in Austria: Corruption in Austria
December 2010 Rampant corruption in Austria<: 10 December 2010: Rampant corruption in Austria
June-September 2013 corruption in banking and politics: 14 June 2013: Vienna prosecutors this week charged nine people, including the deputy governor of the Austrian National Bank, over suspected bribes and kickbacks for banknote contracts with Azerbaijan and Syria - 14. September 2013: Haftstrafen für verdeckte Parteienfinanzierung der Telekom Austria in der Höhe von 960.000 Euro an das von Haider gegründete 'Bündnis Zukunft Österreich' im Herbst 2006
Since 17 May 2019 FPÖ's Ibiza affair involving government: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 27 mai 2019: Dans une vidéo tournée en caméra cachée, l'on peut voir le dirigeant nationaliste Heinz-Christian Strache se montrait disposé à se compromettre avec un intermédiaire russe en échange de financements
Human trafficking in Austria: Human trafficking in Austria
Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria: Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria - Sexual abuse scandal in Vienna archdiocese
Political scandals in Austria: Political scandals in Austria
2011 cash for influence scandal - 9 August 2012: Former Austrian interior minister and Euro MP, Ernst Strasser, has been charged in Vienna with corruption
Law and legal history of Austria: Austrian law - Legal history of Austria - Constitutional history of Austria - Constitution of Austria - Federal Constitutional Law is the centerpiece of the constitution of the Republic of Austria
Courts in Austria: Courts in Austria
September/December 2019 Innsbruck court and Nazi photo in guesthouse: 7 September 2019: An Austrian court in Innsbruck has ruled that a German tourist who took exception to a World War II portrait showing a soldier and NSDAP member in Wehrmacht uniform wearing insignia with a swastika in a guesthouse, had no right to complain about it on travel sites, saying there had been 'a photo of a Nazi grandpa hanging in the hall' - 16 December 2019: After researching the identity of the two men in the photographs at the German National Archives in Berlin in May 2019, guest found proof that both of the men had in fact joined the Nazi party, in 1941 and 1943 respectively, forcing the ignorant Innsbruck court to decide to lift the gagging order, now saying the two men’s party membership and the clearly visible swastika amounted to sufficient proof to back up the guest’s complaint that the hotel had 'uncritically venerated a former Nazi family member'
Law enforcement in Austria: Law enforcement in Austria
Foreign relations of Austria: Foreign relations of Austria
Wars involving Austria and military history of Austria: Wars involving Austria - Military history of Austria
Treaties of Austria: Treaties of Austria - United Nations Charter and since 1955 Austrian membership - Treaties entered into by the European Union
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government - 26 October 1955 Austria's Declaration of Neutrality - the Soviet Union would not have agreed to the State Treaty if Austria had not committed itself to declare its neutrality
Immigration to Austria: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
Since 2014: Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis - Austrian border barrier
Austria/European Union relations: Austria/European Union relations - 1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum - Euroscepticism in Austria
Austria/United Nations relations: Austria/United Nations relations
1972-1981: United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim 1972-1981 - The International Committee of Historians and Waldheim's involvement with the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany 1941-1945, his knowledge of Nazi war crimes - 2 May 2001: CIA knew about Waldheim's Nazi past long before he was appointed UN secretary general
Since 1977 UN's Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna: ince 1977 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna - UNODC's aims and functions, World Drug Report and crime-related treaties
Since^1993 'European Union Drugs Agency' in Lisbon: Since^1993 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA, an agency of the European Union located in Lisbon. In June 2022, the Council of the European Union approved a reform of the organization which will lead to an extension of its mandate and a change of name for 'European Union Drugs Agency'.
28 March 2023 tackling the illicit drug trade fuelling Assad's war machine: 28 March 202: The UK and USA have imposed sanctions on those responsible for the illicit captagon trade, which independent experts estimate could be worth up to $57 billion. Captagon is a highly addictive amphetamine which is used throughout the Middle East, with 80% of the world’s supply produced in Syria. The Syrian regime is closely involved in the trade, as multi-billion dollar shipments leave regime strongholds such as the Port of Latakia, and Bashar al-Assad’s brother Maher al-Assad commands the unit of the Syrian Army facilitating the distribution and production of the drug.
9 July 2023 Syria's Assad regime involved in international trade of amphetamines: 9 July 2023: Syria's Assad regime cancels accreditation of two BBC journalists, accusing the British broadcaster of 'false' and 'politicised' coverage, after the BBC published a report last month on what it said were 'direct links' between the trade of an amphetamine known as captagon and the family of the dictator Bashar al-Assad, as well as his military
Bilateral relations of Austria: Bilateral relations of Austria
Austria/Belarus relations: Austria/Belarus relations
4 August 2021 Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya in Vienna: 4 August 2021: Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya granted a humanitarian visa by Poland following after refusing Belarusin regime's orders to travel home early from Tokyo, now arrived in Vienna to seek refuge in Europe, claiming she fears for her safety in her native Belarus
Austria/Belgium relations: Austria/Belgium relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Austria/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations:
1878-1914: Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 - Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878-1918 - Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 - Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Since 1908 Austro-Hungarian 'Schutzkorps' militia's persecution of Serbs the first large-scale persecution of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of their ethnicity
1914-1918: 28 June 1914 Assassination in Sarajevo - Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo - July Crisis 1914 - Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign (World War I) 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - World War I casualties
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Brazil relations: Austria/Brazil relations
Since 1940, 1951-1967 Austrian protection of Nazi war criminal Stangl: 1 July 2017: Austrian-born SS commandant of the Sobibór and Treblinka, since 1940 superintendent of the T-4 Euthansia Program at the Euthanasia Institute at Schloss Hartheim, commandant of Sobibor from March 1942 until September 1942, when he was transferred to Treblinka, always dressed in white riding clothes, since 1951 in Brazil where he was given an engineering job, since 1959 working at a Volkswagen AG factory, for years his responsibility in the mass murder of men, women and children had been known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for Stangl’s arrest until 1961, it took another six years before he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested in Brazil
31 July 2020 firearms exports to Brazil surge as gun ownership increases under Bolsonaro: 31 July 2020: Firearms exports from Austria to Brazil have surged by more than 377% in the first half of this year as gun ownership increases under the South American country’s neo-fascist linked president Jair Bolsonaro
Austria/Czech Republic relations: Austria/Czech Republic relations - Austrian Empire
Austria/France relations: Austria/France relations, as Austria has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Strasbourg, and as France has an embassy in Vienna
19 June 1796 Battle of Kircheib: 19 June 1796 Battle of Kircheib, a military engagement during the War of the First Coalition as French and Austrian troops clashed at Kircheib in the Westerwald uplands in present-day Germany, as several counter-revolutionary European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government
16 March 2021 France to return 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938: 16 March 2021: The French government has announced that it will return a Gustav Klimt landscape painting to its rightful owners more than 80 years after it was stolen by the Nazis from a Jewish family in Austria in 1938, after the colourful 1905 oil work 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' by the Austrian symbolist painter has been hanging in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris for decades
Austria/Germany relations: Austria/Germany relations - History of the Holy Roman Empire 962–1806 - Military history of the Holy Roman Empire - Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
Austrian Empire 1804–1867 - Military history of Austria
9 November 1848 democrat Robert Blum executed in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
1914-1918 World War I: July Crisis 1914 - 5/6 July 1914 Hoyos Mission and 'Blank cheque' in Berlin - 1914-1918 World War I
1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'
1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
March 1945 Rechnitz massacre, Thyssen and aftermath: März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - Thyssen family - 28 June 2017/13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II
2013 Nazi concentration camps and Vienna's Philharmonic Orchestra: 10 mars 2013: Des historiens exhument le passé nazi de l'orchestre philharmonique de Vienne - 12 mai 2013: Plus de 10.000 personnes venues de plus de 50 pays ont commémoré dimanche le 68e anniversaire de la libération du camp de concentration nazi de Mauthausen
2014 Vienna's monument to remember resistance opened: 24. Oktober 2014: Denkmal für die Verfolgten der NS-Militärjustiz als zentrale österreichische Gedenkstätte für Deserteure des NS-Regimes am Wiener Ballhausplatz von Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer der Öffentlichkeit übergeben
2015 BND/NSA cooperation: 5. Mai 2015: Nach Berichten, daß der BND dem USA-Geheimdienst NSA beim Ausspionieren österreichischer Behörden geholfen habe, erstattet Österreich Strafanzeige
June 2018: 16 juin 2018: L'exécutif autrichien a demandé à l'Allemagne des explications après de nouvelles allégations visant les services secrets allemands, accusés d'avoir espionné un grand nombre d'institutions et d'entreprises en Autriche, dont des ambassades et organisations internationales
6 November 2020 German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack: 6 November 2020: German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack, as sites in Osnabrueck, Kassel and Pinneberg located 18 km northwest of the city centre of Hamburg were searched because 'there may be links to the alleged assassin', and carried out on a request from Austrian authorities, according to BKA
Austria/Hungary relations: Austria/Hungary relations - Hungarians in Austria - History of the Hungarians in Vienna
1867-1918: Austria-Hungary 1867-1918
1914-1918: World War I 1914-1918
Austria/Israel relations: Austria/Israel relations - History of the Jews in Austria
1938-1945 The Holocaust in Austria and Nazi concentration camps in Austria: The Holocaust in Austria - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
2014 Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen: 24 July 2014: Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen
Austrian soccer team positive for virus playing Israeli team: 4 October 2020: 3 players for Austrian soccer team positive for virus after playing Israeli team which says it had no new cases of infection among those who played
Austria/Italy relations: Austria/Italy relations
1848/1849 First Italian War of Independence and first aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice: First Italian War of Independence 1848-1849 following Revolution of 1848 in the Italian states - Republic of San Marco 1848-1849 reconquered by Austrian troops following a long siege and an Austrian bombardment 1849 - 1849 First aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice
1914-1918 World War I: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I 1914-1918 - Deutscher Giftgaseinsatz und Massenmord an Italiern entschied im Herbst 1917 die Schlacht bei Kobarid (19. Mai 1998)
2016: 2 avril 2016: L'Autriche envoie l'armée à la frontière italienne contre un afflux de migrants et de réfugiés cherchant à gagner le nord de l'Europe - 27 April 2016: Austria plans Italian border fence to control refugee and migrant flow, as Italy says Brenner Pass restrictions would be illogical and against EU rules
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy, as Brussels urged Europe to help Italian authorities manage an 'unprecedented' arrival of people from north Africa
Austria/Poland relations: Austria/Poland relations
Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale: Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale
Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by Austria, Prussia and Russia: Since 1772 three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years, and conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures
1772-1795: 1772 First Partition of Poland - 1793 Second Partition of Poland - 1795 Third Partition of Poland
Since 1772 Austrian Partition: Since 1772 Austrian Partition
1795–1918 History of Poland: History of Poland 1795–1918 - 1815–1867/1915 Congress Poland or Russian Poland, created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, until 1832 a state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire, in 1867 made an official part of the Russian Empire, and in 1915 replaced by the Central Powers during World War I with the proposed puppet state 'Regency Kingdom of Poland'
1938-1945 relationship between Austria and Poland and Axis powers' war crimes: Relationship between Austria and Poland, that started at 1920 disappeared at 1938, following the Anschluss which Nazi Germany, and until 1945 relationship went tense due to German invasion of Poland, thus sparked the World War II, and Austria participated in the occupation of Poland and had committed many crimes against Polish people under the banner of Nazi Germany
Nazi war crimes in Poland and convicted Austrian Nazis: Nazi war crimes in Poland - Austrian Nazis convicted of war crimes - Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
25 January 2020 Poland pushes for Nazi Gusen camp in Austria to be remembered: 25 January 2020: Poland pushes for Nazi camp in Austria to be remembered, charging that Gusen camp, a satellite of Mauthausen complex, is neglected by Austrian authorities, where some 35,800 detainees, many Polish, died
Austria/Russia relations: Austria/Russia relations
2016: 20 December 2016: Austrian Freedom Party's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Austrian party founded by former Nazis, signed a cooperation agreement with Russian Vladimir Putin's United Russia party and met with Michael Flynn, President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for national security adviser at Trump Tower in New York (USA)
Austria/Serbia relations: Austria/Serbia relations
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria, there are between 200,000 and 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria
1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia: 1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia
1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49'): 1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49', took place in Vojvodina in Serbia, part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, achieving the establishment of Serbian Vojvodina (then Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar), a special autonomous region under the Austrian crown but failed certain expectations that Serbian patriots had expressed at the May 1848 Assembly (1848, as the administration was largely in the hands of German officials and officers, only keeping some rights for the Serb community, but the uprising had increased national awareness of the Serb people north of the Sava and Danube in the struggle for freedom
1908-1909 Bosnian crisis (Annexation crisis): 1908-1909 Bosnian crisis, also known as the Annexation crisis, when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, sparking protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbours, Serbia and Montenegro
July 1914: 23 July 1914: Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia - July 1914 preparations for the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, content and Serbian response - 28/29 July 1914: Austria has declared war upon Serbia and Austro-Hungarian troops reportedly invaded Serbia by crossing the River Save at Mitrovitz
28 July 1914 - 1918 Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign: 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 Serbian Campaign of World War I, from late July 1914, when Austria-Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia until the war's conclusion in November 1918, after the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, Allied and Serbian victory, and Serbian troops re-entering Belgrade on 1 November 1918
October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment: Arrest, prosecution, October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment, following the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers: April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia, a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II
April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade: 'Operation Retribution', the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact
1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, war crimes and resistance: 1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, resistance and Allied victory - Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia - Nazi war crimes in Serbia
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Slovenia relations: Austria/Slovenia relations
Austria-Slovenia border: Austria–Slovenia border - Austrian border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia against refugees from Syrian and some other countries in the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 4 November 2015: Austria has put up barbed wire at a border crossing with Slovenia used by hundreds of refugees and migrants despite chancellor's pledge
Austria/Switzerland relations: Austria/Switzerland relations - Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 - House of Habsburg originally from Aargau - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1291-1516 - Swiss Confederacy, reformation, Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 and recognition of independence of Switzerland from the 'Holy Roman Empire' - The Congress of Vienna 1814/1815 re-established Swiss independence, European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality - During both World War I 1914-1918 and World War II 1939-1945 Switzerland's 'neutrality' allowed the growth of the Swiss banking industry
Austria/Syria relations: Austria/Syria relations
2016: 15 January 2015: The Syrian community in Austria calls on the Austrian Government to cut off economic relations with the Assad regime and to expel its ambassador to Vienna
Austria/Turkey relations: Austria/Turkey relations - Turks in Austria
1529: 1529 Siege of Vienna, first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna
1683: Battle of Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city of Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months
1683-1699 Great Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and several contemporary European powers: Great Turkish War 1683-1699 between the Ottoman Empire and several contemporary European powers joined into 'Holy League'
September 1683 Battle of Vienna and 1697 Battle of Zenta: Battle of Vienna in September 1683 after the imperial city had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months, fought by the Holy Roman Empire led by the Habsburg Monarchy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth - September 1697 Battle of Zenta resulting in a victory for Austria gaining complete freedom of action in Ottoman Bosnia. Sarajevo was captured after the Turks killed the messengers, plundered and burned the city to the ground, but later the Austrian victory ultimately formalised the complete withdrawal of the Turks from Hungary and signalled the end of Ottoman dominance in Europe
1787–1791 Austro-Turkish War: Austro-Turkish War 1787–1791 - Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 1828–1908
1914-1918 Austrian and Ottoman empires allies during the First World War: Austrian and Ottoman empires allies during the First World War
March 2017: 5. März 2017: Bundeskanzler Christian Kern hat sich für ein EU-weites Verbot von Wahlkampfauftritten türkischer Politiker ausgesprochen und wirft Erdogans Regime vor, 'Menschenrechte und demokratische Grundrechte mit Füßen' zu treten
Austria/Ukraine relations: Austria/Ukraine relations - Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918 - a big portion of West Ukraine (Galicia and Carpathia) were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today consisting of Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Zakarpattia Oblast
1914-1918 Central Powers's World War I: World War I 1914-1918 - during the war Ukraine was occupied by the Central powers military force including the Austro-Hungarian Empire's military that drove Bolsheviks out of the country
November 1917 'Decree on Peace', but February and March 1918 treaties of Brest-Litovsk: After 8 November 1917 'Decree on Peace', February 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' Ukrainian People's Republic – Central Powers and 3 March 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' peace treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Tsardom of Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I signed at German-controlled Brest-Litovsk after two months of negotiations. The treaty was agreed upon by the new Russian Soviet power to stop further invasion. According to USA historian Spencer Tucker 'the German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator'. Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives, which in turn led to Polish protests. When Germans later complained that the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in the West was too harsh on them, the Allied Powers responded that it was more benign than the terms imposed by the Brest-Litovsk treaty.
May 2015 Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon to the USA over corruption: 1 May 2015: An Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon in gas trading and chemicals Dmytro Firtash to the USA over corruption charges, indicted in 2013 along with a member of India's parliament and four others
Austria/United Kingdom relations: Austria/United Kingdom relations
Natural disasters in Austria: Natural disasters in Austria - May/June 2013 European floods

Belgium - Belgique - Geography of Belgium - History of Belgium - Demographics of Belgium
Economy of Belgium: Economy of Belgium - main industries include engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum
Companies of Belgium by industry: Companies of Belgium - Companies of Belgium by industry
Energy in Belgium: Energy in Belgium
2016: 3 January 2016: Belgian ageing nuclear reactor Doel 1 shut down on Saturday again, just three days after it was restarted
Agriculture in Belgium: Agriculture in Belgium - Agriculture in Flanders - the 5 most important agricultural products in 2013 are pork (1.46 billion euros), dairy products (844 million euros), beef (712 million euros), vegetables (602 million euros) and ornamental horticulture products (512 million euros)
Banking and Financial Services and Markets Authority of Belgium: Financial Services and Markets Authority - Banks in Belgium
2011/2012 Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank: 10 October 2011: Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank - 9 November 2012: France and Belgium agree to pump a further 5.5bn euros into bank Dexia, after it reported another large loss
Foreign trade of Belgium: Foreign trade of Belgium
Economic history of Belgium and economic cycles: Economic history of Belgium in the twentieth and twenty-first century - Industrial history of Belgium
2008–2009 Belgian financial and banking crisis: 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis, a major financial crisis that hit Belgium from mid-2008 onwards, as two of the country's largest banks – Fortis and Dexia – started to face severe problems, exacerbated by the financial problems hitting other banks around the world and the value of their stocks plunged, as the government managed the situation by bailouts, selling off or nationalizing banks, providing bank guarantees and extending the deposit insurance, ventually Fortis was split into two parts, sd the Dutch part was nationalized, while the Belgian part was sold to the French bank BNP Paribas, and as Dexia group was dismantled and Dexia Bank Belgium was nationalized - Fortis, Dexia and KBC bank crises and government reaction
Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic: Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic and crises since March, as the pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown
Labour and labour disputes in Belgium: Labour in Belgium - Labour disputes in Belgium - Belgian labour law - Labour Court in Belgium, dealing in first instance with disputes between employers and employees and disputes regarding social security - Court of labour in Belgium, the appellate court in the judicial system of Belgium which hears appeals against judgements of the labour tribunals
15 December 2014 Belgium hit by general strike amid transport chaos: 15 December 2014: Belgium hit by general strike, as strikes across Belgium cause transport chaos, but unsuccessful opposition to the austerity of the Charles Michel government in the context of the Great Recession and European debt crisis
Politics of Belgium: Politics of Belgium - Constitution of Belgium, dating back to 1831
Since 1831 Constitution of Belgium: Constitution of Belgium, dating back to 1831
Regions, provinces and communities of Belgium: Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium - Provinces of Belgium - Belgium includes three regions, two of these regions, the Flemish Region or Flanders, and Walloon Region, or Wallonia, are each subdivided into five provinces, the third region, the Brussels-Capital Region, is not divided into provinces - Bilingualism in Belgium - Language legislation in Belgium
Political parties in Belgium: Political parties in Belgium
Trade unions in Belgium: Trade unions in Belgium
Since 1831/1970 council of Ministers supreme executive organ: Council of Ministers, the supreme executive organ of the Federal Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, composed of the PM, who leads it, and up to fourteen senior ministers, as the Council of Ministers formally became a permanent policy structure with the constitutional revision of 1970
Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium: Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium, the head of the federal government of Belgium
Since 1944/1948 Benelux Union: Since September 1944 and in effect since January 1948 Benelux Union, a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, as main institutions of the Union are the Committee of Ministers, the Council of the Union, the General Secretariat, the Interparliamentary Consultative Council and the Benelux Court of Justice
Elections and politics in Belgium: Elections in Belgium
June 2010 Belgian general election: Belgian general election 13 June 2010 - 2010–2011 Belgian government formation
2010-2013: 8. Juli 2011: Belgiens designierter Premier Elio Di Rupo gibt im Juli 2011 auf - 8 October: Belgian parties strike key reform deal to end political crisis - 21 novembre: Le socialiste Elio di Rupo, Premier ministre pressenti, a presenté sa démission - 27 November: Belgian leaders agree on federal budget - 13 juillet 2012: Le Parlement belge a adopté à 106 voix contre 42 le projet de loi 'scindant' l'arrondissement de Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde
October 2012 Belgian provincial and municipal elections: Belgian provincial and municipal elections, 14 October 2012 - 14/15 October: Local elections have resulted in widespread gains for the Flemish Nationalist Party, which wants to divide the country - 15 octobre: Le chef des indépendantistes flamands, vainqueur des municipales à Anvers en Belgique, a lancé un appel au Premier ministre Elio Di Rupo pour qu'il négocie avec lui une réforme de l'État ouvrant la voie à une confédération
February 2014 bill: 13 February: Parliament in Belgium has passed a bill allowing euthanasia for terminally ill children without any age limit, by 86 votes to 44
May 2014 Belgium Federal and regional elections: Belgian federal election 25 May 2014 - Belgian regional elections 25 May 2014 - 26 May 2014: First estimates give 33% of the vote in Flanders to the New Flemish Alliance
May 2014 Belgium European Parliament election: Belgium European Parliament election 25 May 2014
May-October 2014 Belgian government formation: 2014 Belgian government formation - 8 October: The Francophone liberal Charles Michel will become Belgium’s PM
December 2018 PM Michel resigns: 19 December 2018: Belgian PM Michel resigns after he lost support of key coalition partner, the nationalist New Flemish Alliance, when backing UN bid to improve coordination on migrants, and after the parliament rejected Michel's appeal for its support for a minority administration, now bracing for a snap election in January
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
October 2019 Sophie Wilmès new PM, the first Jewish person to become PM: 28 October 2019: Sophie Wilmès was appointed as the new PM of Belgium, becoming the first female premier in the country's history - 28 October 2019: Centrist politician Sophie Wilmes, who will head a caretaker government during negotiations on the formation of a coalition, which in Belgium has been known to take months, is the first Jewish person to become PM of Belgium
September/October 2020 new government with Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo as Belgium’s PM: 30 September 2020: Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo to be appointed Belgium’s PM, leading a governing coalition of 7 parties, including French- and Dutch-speaking liberals, socialists and greens, as well as Dutch-speaking Christian democrats, and because of these four political traditions (seasons) involved dubbed 'Vivaldi' - 1 October 2020: New government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister while women were appointed as interior and defence ministers for the first time too
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions
20 July 2021 Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning amid solidarity with the victims of European flood: 20 July 2021: Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning for the victims of last week’s unprecedented flood, devastating the region of Liège, as according to a provisional report the floods caused by torrential rain claimed the lives of 31 people, with around 70 still missing, as the majority of damage seems to be linked to an overflowing dam in the Valley of Vesdre, on a tributary of the river Muse, as today across Belgium, people are coming together, contacting their local authorities, and offering donations in solidarity with the victims of the flood
Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election: Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election
Social movements, trade unions and protests in Belgium: Protests in Belgium
10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000 in German-occupied Belgium and following resistance: 10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000, an 8-day strike in German-occupied Belgium, led by Belgian Communist Party's Julien Lahaut, as the object of the strike was to demand a wage increase though it was also an act of passive resistance to the German occupation, and achieved limited support from the middle and upper classes who had traditionally opposed labour militancy, and as further important strikes did take place in Belgium in November 1942 and February 1943, and in the Nord and Pas de Calais mining basins in Northern France which formed part of the same German administrative area as Belgium, judged by the French newspaper Le Monde in 2001 to have been one of the most spectacular acts of the French resistance
2011 protest against austerity policy: 2. Dezember 2011: In Brüssel gewerkschaftliche Großdemonstration von Zehntausenden gegen Sparpolitik
2012-2014 steel workers protest and strike: 30 January 2012: Strike set to bring Belgium to a halt - 30 January: Some 2.000 steel workers protested plans to lay off 1.300 workers at several ArcelorMittal plants in Liege, wanting the regional government to intervene - 8 March 2013: Hundreds of Belgian steel workers have blocked a border crossing near the Belgian city of Liege to protest against planned job cuts by ArcelorMittal - 15 December 2014: Air, train links cut as national strike begins against the new government's austerity policies
2016 remembrance of and tribute to the victims of terrorism: 17 avril 2016: Des milliers de personnes ont rendu hommage, dimanche à Bruxelles, aux 32 morts des attentats du 22 mars
December 2017: 7 December 2017: Nearly 50,000 people marched through the European quarter of Brussels on Thursday night in support of Catalan independence and the region’s ousted president Carles Puigdemont, who has avoided arrest in Spain by taking refuge in Belgium
2018 solidarity with migrants: 26 février 2018: Quelque 10'000 personnes ont manifesté dimanche à Bruxelles dans le froid pour témoigner leur solidarité avec les migrants et exiger du gouvernement belge une politique migratoire 'plus humaine'
7 June 2020 protesters reject racism: 7 June 2020: UK protesters topple statue of slave trader Colston as George Floyd rallies sweep Europe and thousands take to streets in support of 'Black Lives Matter' movement, condemn racism and police violence, and as in Brussels, protesters clambered onto the statue of former King Leopold II and chanted 'reparations', also writing the word 'shame' on the monument, reference perhaps to the fact that Leopold is said to have reigned over the mass death of 10 million Congolese, as racism must be rejected 'all around the world', according to protesters
Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Belgium: Belgian society
Human rights in Belgium: Human rights in Belgium
Minority and employees' rights in Belgium: Minority and employees' rights in Belgium
Province, municipalities, cities and ports of Belgium: Provinces of Belgium - Municipalities of Belgium, as the country comprises 581 municipalities grouped into five provinces in each of two regions and into a third region, the Brussels Capital Region, comprising 19 municipalities that do not belong to a province, as in most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium - Ports and harbours of Belgium
Antwerp Province: Antwerp Province, the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, bordering on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands, the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders, with its capital city Antwerp including the Port of Antwerp
Antwerp city: Antwerp city, the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region, with a population of 520,504 citizens the most populous city proper in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people the second-largest metropolitan region after Brussels
Demographics of Antwerp: Demographics of Antwerp
History of the Jews in Antwerp: History of the Jews in Antwerp, goeing back at least eight hundred years, as currently, the Jewish community of Antwerp consists of around 18,000 citizens
Economy and port of Antwerp: Economy and port of Antwerp
Port of Antwerp: Port of Antwerp located in Flanders, mainly in the province of Antwerp, a seaport in the heart of Europe accessible to capesize ships and Europe’s second-largest seaport after Rotterdam, as Antwerp stands at the upper end of the tidal estuary of the Scheldt
Timeline of Antwerp: Timeline of Antwerp since abt. 150 – abt. 250-270 Gallo-Roman settlement in the centre of Antwerpen
Since 1852 University of Antwerp: Since 1852 University of Antwerp
September-October 1914 German empire's Siege of Antwerp: September-October 1914 Siege of Antwerp after the German empire's invasion of Belgium in August 1914 - Since 28 September German bombardment, with German siege guns directed by observation balloons on gun emplacements, flanking positions and magazines
1941-1944/45 German occupation of Belgium: May 1940 Battle of Belgium or Belgian Campaign, an offensive campaign by Germany during the World War II and ending with the German occupation of Belgium - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp: In 2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp to become the first explicitly pluralistic university in Belgium, offering philosophical, ethical, and spiritual discourse and openness towards religion and intercultural dialogue, as it soon became the third largest university in Flanders
20 June 2021 workers confirmed dead after a school construction site partially collapsed in Antwerp: 20 June 2021: Five building workers have been confirmed dead after a school construction site partially collapsed in the Belgian city of Antwerp, as 9 other people were injured when the Antwerp school still under construction collapsed
Mechelen city: Mechelen city in the province of Antwerp, as the municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper, some quarters at its outskirts, the hamlets of Nekkerspoel and Battel, as well as the villages of Walem, Heffen, Leest, Hombeek, and Muizen, as the river Dyle flows through the city, and as Mechelen lies on the major urban and industrial axis Brussels–Antwerp
History and timeline of Mechelen: History and timeline of Mechelen since the early ages
Early ages, Mechelen area, 8.4-metre long canoe and wooden houses: Archaeological proof of habitation during the La Tène era in the triangle Brussels-Leuven-Antwerp, mainly concentrated around Mechelen which originated in wetlands, includes an 8.4-metre long canoe cut from an oak tree trunk and a settlement of about five wooden houses, at Nekkerspoel
15th-19th century: In the 15th century Mechelen came under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, marking the beginning of a prosperous period, as since 1473 the city served as the seat of the Superior Court until the French Revolution
1835 Mechelen-Brussels railway, as Brussel first capital in the world having a railway connection: In May 1835 a railway between Allée Verte in Brussels, the site of the very first station, and Mechelen was inaugurated, as Brussels became the first capital in the world to have a railway connection
Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp during the Holocaust: Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp, officially 'SS-Sammellager Mecheln' in German, a detention and deportation camp established in a former army barracks at Mechelen in German-occupied Belgium, serving as a point to gather Belgian Jews and Romani ahead of their deportation to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust
Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp: Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp of World War II, from which, in German-occupied Belgium, arrested Jews and Romani were sent to concentration camp
Heritage sites and places of interest in Mechelen: Places of interest and heritage sites in Mechelen since Middle Ages
Flemish Brabant province: Flemish Brabant, a province of Flanders and one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering - clockwise from the North - on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders, as Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region and as its capital is Leuven
Municipalities of Flemish Brabant: Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Leuven city: Leuven city, the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium, located about 25 kilometres east of Brussels, as the municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal, and as Leuven is the eighth largest city in Belgium with more than 100,244 inhabitants - History of Leuven - Education in Leuven
Economy and companies based in Leuven: Economy and companies based in Leuven
Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830: Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830
Timeline of Leuven: Timeline and history of Leuven since the 9th century
September 891 Battle of Leuven fought between East Francia and the Vikings: September 891 Battle of Leuven, fought between East Francia and the Vikings, as the existence of this battle is known due to several different chronicles, including the Annales Fuldenses and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant: 1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant, a State of the Holy Roman Empire, as it developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries, part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt
1425-1797 Old University of Leuven: 1425-1797 Old University of Leuven - List of colleges of Leuven University
Since 1474 printing press in operation: Since 1474 printing press in operation, as Johann von Westphalen was the first printer in Leuven and possibly in Flanders, first active in Venice and in Germany before moving to Flanders as a printer
June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven and Spanish victory: June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven in the 'Thirty Years' War', in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Walloons, Germans and Irish of the Army of Flanders, as poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of a relief army of 11,000 Spanish and Italian troops forced the invading army to lift the siege, allowing the Spanish forces to take the initiative
Since 1817-1835 State University of Leuven: Since 1817 State University of Leuven in Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it was distinct from the Old University of Leuven (1425-1797) and from the Catholic University of Leuven
August 1831 Battle of Leuven: August 1831 Battle of Leuven, a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution
1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven: 1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven, founded in 1834 in Mechelen as the Catholic University of Belgium, and moved its seat to the town of Leuven in 1835, changing its name to Catholic University of Leuven, as in 1968 it was split into two universities, the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain, following tensions between the Dutch and French-speaking student bodies
25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army and war crimes: 25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army,that ravaged the city of Leuven, deliberately burning the university library, destroying approximately 230,000 books, 950 manuscripts, and 800 incunabula, as civilian homes were set on fire and citizens often shot where they stood, with over 2,000 buildings destroyed and 10,000 inhabitants displaced, as large quantities of strategic materials, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment were looted and transferred to Germany during 1914, and as these actions brought worldwide condemnation, because the German war criminals were responsible for the deaths of 23,700 Belgian civilians, (6,000 Belgians killed, 17,700 died during expulsion, deportation, in prison or sentenced to death by court) and caused further non-fatalities of 10,400 permanent and 22,700 temporary invalids, with 18,296 children becoming war orphans, as military losses were 26,338 killed, died from injuries or accidents, 14,029 died from disease, or went missing
In May 1940 in World War II the German occupiers again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library: In May 1940, in the first year of World War II, the German war criminals again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library, following their destruction on 25 August 1914, using petrol and incendiary pastilles, as 230,000 volumes were lost in the destruction, including Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts, and as in January 2014 a permanent exhibit on these wartime events was installed over five floors of the bell tower
>1945 new hospital built after German empire's Second world war 1939-1945: 1945 new hospital built after Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven academic hospital in Leuven since 1080 partially destroyed during German empire's Second world war 1939-1945
1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines: 1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines after a period of civil unrest in 1967–68 in French and Flemish Leuven, as the crisis shook Belgian politics and led to the fall of the government and marking an escalation of the linguistic tension in Belgium after World War II, with lasting consequences for other bilingual institutions in Belgium within higher education and politics alike, as in 1970 the first of several state reforms occurred, marking the start of Belgium's transition to a federal state
Boortmeerbeek town: Boortmeerbeek town in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant, as the municipality comprises the towns of Boortmeerbeek proper, Schiplaken and Hever
Since May 1940 German assault, persecution of Jews and Belgian Resistance: 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers' pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs - 20 mai 1940 les chars du général nazi Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 1940-1945 Belgian Resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as within Belgium, resistance included both men and women from both Walloon and Flemish parts of the country, and as aside from sabotage of military infrastructure in the country and assassinations of collaborators, these groups also published large numbers of underground newspapers, gathered intelligence and maintained various escape networks that helped Allied airmen trapped behind enemy lines escape from German-occupied Europe
Since May 1940 persecution of Belgian Jews, concentration and extermination in camps in Eastern Europe: In 1940 between 70,000 and 75,000 Jews were living in Belgium, as soon after the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940, the German occupation authorities introduced a number of anti-Jewish laws, as in 1942, the yellow badge was introduced for all Belgian Jews, as in August 1942, as part of the Final Solution, the deportation of Belgian Jews to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe in sealed railway convoys began, as of these, 46% were deported from the former Mechelen transit camp, while 5,034 more people were deported via the Drancy internment camp (close to Paris), as the 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' in Berlin was responsible for organizing the transport and the chief of the Dossin Barracks prepared the paper convoy list in triplicate, according to Leni Yahil 'The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945', Oxford University Press 1991
In April 1943 during the Warwaw ghetto uprising Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed dozens of Jews: 19 April 1943 attack on 'the twentieth convoy' as members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews who were being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp from Mechelen transit camp, as in the aftermath of the attack, a number of others were able to jump from the train too, as in all 233 people managed to escape, of whom 118 ultimately survived, as the remainder were either killed during the escape or were recaptured soon afterwards, and as the attack was unusual as an attempt by the resistance to free Jewish deportees and marks the only mass breakout by deportees on a Holocaust train
Since June 1944 resistance against Nazi Germany during the liberation of Belgium: After the Normandy Landings in June 1944, the Belgian resistance increased in size dramatically, after in April 1944, the Armée Secrète began to give their organization the status of an 'official army', as though they usually lacked the equipment and training to fight the Wehrmacht openly, the resistance played a key role in assisting the Allies during the liberation of Belgium in September 1944, providing information on German troop movements, disrupting German evacuation plans and participating in fighting
Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'
Brussels region: Brussels region of Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, located in the central portion of the country and a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community
Brussels city: City of Brussels, the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region and capital of Belgium, also covering the immediate northern outskirts where it borders municipalities in Flanders, and also the administrative centre of the EU - History of Brussels - Education in Brussels
Economy of Brussels: Economy of Brussels - Companies based in Brussels
Transport in Brussels: Transport in Brussels
Science and technology in Brussels: Science and technology in Brussels
Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region: Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region - Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region - Government of Brussels - List of mayors of the City of Brussels since 1380
Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages: Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages
Since 1475/1476 printing press in operation in Brussels: Since 1475–76 printing press in operation in Brussels amid the global spread of the printing press
August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France: August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France (Sun King), and the resulting fire were together the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels, as Brussels was mostly untouched by most other conflicts, and even the damage during World War I and bombing during World War II was not nearly as extensive - 1688–1697 'Nine Years' War', a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg Monarchy), the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy and Portugal, and fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, in North America, and in India, therefore sometimes considered the first global war
January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels: January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels, when a French army in a bold and 'innovative' winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels, which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, from its Austrian garrison, as the French followed up the capture of Brussels by taking other key cities and fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands including Mons and Namur
1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands': 1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands'
1834–1969 Free University of Brussels: 1834–1969 Free University of Brussels
September 1848 'International Congress of the Friends of Peace' in Brussels after the February French Revolution, spreading in Europe: September 1848 International Peace Congress (International Congress of the Friends of Peace) in Brussels, the first after the French Revolution of February 1848, chaired by Belgian lawyer Auguste Visschers, as the delegates - also including Cobden, Thierry, Girardin, Bastiat and more - of the congress adopted resolutions urging limitation of armaments and the placing of a ban upon foreign loans for war purposes - 1843-1853 seven peace congresses convened in various European cities including London, Frankfurt/M, Manchester, Edingburgh, until series was terminated by an interval of wars during which the pacifists were unable to raise their voices, before more International Peace Congresses started amid rising tensions and industrial manufacture of terrible weapons on the road to German and other Central Powers World War I and II
Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station: Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station
1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference: 1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference, as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society submitted a report to this conference and the Brussels Conference led to the negotiation of the first general treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the General Act for the Repression of the African Slave Trade of 1890, which came into force in 1892 although 'it contained no mechanism for enforcement, and it did not cover the various devices, including forced and contract labor, by which the European powers exploited Africans
August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels: August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels
1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes: 1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes
1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority in Brussels: 1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority established during the Second World War, the 'Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France' led by German field marshal - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
December 1944 - 1945 Nazi Germany's District of Brussels: December 1944 - May 1945 District of Brussels, a short-lived de jure administrative polity created by Nazi Germany in 1944
March 1948 Treaty of Brussels: March 1948 Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, serving as the founding treaty of the Western European Union WEU until its termination in 2010
Since 1970s EU's Berlaymont office building in Brussels: Since 1970s Berlaymont office building in Brussels, which houses the headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union EU - Brussels and the European Union
Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region: Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region in Brussels
20 July 2021 alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels: 20 July 2021: Alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels, as Belgian government comes under pressure to offer residence permits to hundreds of migrants on hunger strike, as also two UN officials urged the government to offer temporary residence permits, and as the political row ignited during country's day of national mourning for victims of last week’s devastating and deadly European floods that PM said were 'without any precedent in our country' - Open brief van mensen zonder papieren voor hun buren
25 February 2023 thousands gathered in Brussels to protest Russian invasion of Ukraine: 25 February 2023: One year and one day after Russia's Putin regime launched its war in Ukraine, thousands took to the streets of Brussels to protest the invasion and show solidarity with the Ukrainian people in an action organised by Promote Ukraine, the Association of Ukrainian Women in Belgium and the Belgian committee of the European Solidarity Network with Ukraine
20 May 2023 fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries: 20 May 2023: Fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries, as leading art museums are reassessing their works after a Belgian journalist traced how a fascist sympathiser acquired a Jewish dealer’s collection
Walloon Brabant: Walloon Brabant province of Wallonia and Belgium, bordering on (clockwise from the North) the province of Flemish Brabant and the provinces of Liège, Namur and Hainaut, as its capital and largest city is Wavre, and with a provincial population of 403,599 citizens in 2019
Economy of Walloon Brabant province: Economy of Walloon Brabant, as the GDP of the province was 19.3bn € in 2018, accounting for 4.2% of Belgiums economic output, as Walloon Brabant is the wealthiest province in Wallonia, and as the University of Louvain is located in Walloon Brabant - Companies based in Walloon Brabant
Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province: Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province
Wavre city: Wavre city and municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant, of which it is the capital
18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre blocking action: 18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre, the final major military action of the 'Hundred Days' campaign and the Napoleonic Wars, fought between the Prussian rearguard and the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy, as the battle's blocking action kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo - June 1815 Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo - Battles involving France
Waterloo town: Waterloo town, a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 citizens, located in a short distance south of Brussels and immediately north-east of the larger town of Braine-l'Alleud, the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where the resurgent Napoleon was defeated for the final time in 1815
Demographics of Waterloo: Demographics of Waterloo, as nearly one-fifth of the current registered population (5,640 inhabitants) is non-Belgian, as many such residents work for institutions or companies in Brussels, a centre of the EU, and as the most common non-Belgian nationalities include French (1,237 people), Italian (537), British (503), USA (445) and Swedish (425) people
Economy, education and culture in Waterloo: Economy and education in Waterloo
Since 1804/1813 Ludwig van Beethoven's third symphony and 'Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vitoria': 'Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria', is a 15-minute-long orchestral work composed by Ludwig van Beethoven to commemorate the Duke of Wellington's victory over Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria in Spain on 21 June 1813 - Since 1805/1806 Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 Op. 55, as Beethoven originally dedicated the third symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, who he believed embodied the democratic and anti-monarchical ideals of the French Revolution, but in the autumn of 1804, Beethoven withdrew his dedication of his composition to Napoleon, and after Napoleon having proclaimed himself Emperor of the French on 14 May 1804, Beethoven's secretary Ferdinand Ries noted the composer's words 'So he is no more than a common mortal! Now, too, he will tread under foot all the rights of Man, indulge only his ambition; now he will think himself superior to all men, become a tyrant!'
History and since 1102 timeline of Waterloo: History of Waterloo, mentioned for the first time in 1102 designating a small hamlet at the limit of what is today known as the Sonian Forest, along a major road linking Brussels, Genappe and a coal mine to the south
18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo, fought on Sunday near Waterloo as a French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition consisting of units from the UK, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Blücher, marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars, of Napoleon's rule as Emperor and the 'First French Empire'
East Flanders province: East Flanders province, bordering the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders, divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 citizens as of January 2019, with its capital city Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent
Ghent city: Ghent city, a municipality in the Flemish Region and the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, also the third largest in the country, exceeded in size only by Brussels and Antwerp, and a port and university city
West Flanders: West Flanders province, the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, and the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the northwest, as it has land borders with the Dutch province of Zeeland to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and the French department of Nord to the west, and with its capital city Bruges
Liège Province: Liège Province
History of Liège Province: History of Liège Province, as modern borders of the province of Liège date from 1795, which saw the unification of the Principality of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège with the revolutionary French Department of the Ourthe and parts of the old Principality of Liege also went into new French départements Meuse-Inférieure, and Sambre-et-Meuse
Liège city: Liège city, a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège, situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands and Germany, as the city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia and still the principal economic and cultural centre of the region, with 198,280 inhabitants in 2012
History of Liège city: History of Liège city
Economy of Liège: Economy of Liège
Timeline of Liège: Timeline of Liège since the Middle Ages
721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht: 721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht - Since 3rd century chronology of catholic dioceses in Belgium
Since 1817 University of Liège: Since 1817 University of Liège, a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège in Wallonia, as its official language is French, and as of 2020 ULiège is ranked in the 301–350 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education - Since 1817 chronology and organisation of the University of Liège
Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station: Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station
August 1914 Battle of Liège: August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening engagement of the German empire's invasion of Belgium and the first battle of empire's World War I, after the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its historic neutrality, as the attack on Liège - a town protected by a ring fortress built from the late 1880s to the early 1890s - began on 5 August 1914 and lasted until 16 August, when the last fort surrendered, and as the siege of Liège followed by siege of Namur and more battles and sieges may have delayed the empire's (known for German 'Schrecklichkeit' since then) invasion of France by four to five days
Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II: Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces, and occupation then lasted until Belgium's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945, the second time in less than thirty years that German empire - always more committing war crimes - had attacked and occupied Belgium
Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège: Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège
1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège case in European law: 1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège, an important freedom of movement case in European law concerning non-discrimination in access to vocational education, holding that an education institution may not discriminate against students in terms of the fees they charge on grounds of nationality
May 2018 Liège attack: On 29 May 2018 prisoner on temporary Benjamin Herman, on leave from prison, stabbed two female police officers, took their guns, shot and killed them and a civilian in Liège, then taking a woman hostage before he was killed by police, reported to be part of the entourage of a prison Islamist recruiter
July 2021 European floods in Liège: Julliet 2021 inondation en Belgique et Liège
17 July 2021 floods in Liège: 17 juillet 2021: Le niveau de la Meuse ayant baissé, mais les secours ont découvert deux corps supplémentaires sur la commune d’Esneux, ce qui porte le bilan à trois morts depuis le début de la catastrophe, et sur l’arrondissement, ce sont donc à présent 15 personnes qui ont péri dans les inondations
Luxembourg Province: Luxembourg Province, the southernmost province of Wallonia bordering on the country of Luxembourg to the east, the French departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and southwest, and the Walloon provinces of Namur and Liège to the north, as its capital and largest city is Arlon in the south-east of the province, the largest Belgian province, but with only 285,000 residents in 2019
Namur Province: Namur province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French departments of Nord and Ardennes, with its capital and largest city Namur, as the province of Namur had a population of 494,325 citizens in 2019
Demographics of Belgium: Demographics of Belgium - Belgians - Belgian people by ethnic or national origin - Immigrants to Belgium
Flemish people: Flemish people
Walloons: Walloons are French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia
History of the Jews in Belgium: History of the Jews in Belgium - History of the Jews in Antwerp - Great Synagogue of Europe is the main synagogue in Brussels
Since 1940 following German assault Belgian opposition to persecution of Jews: Since 1940 following German assault Belgian opposition to persecution of Jews
In April 1943 during the Warwaw ghetto uprising Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed dozens of Jews: In April 1943, during the Warwaw ghetto uprising, members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews who were being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp from Mechelen transit camp, as in the aftermath of the attack, a number of others were able to jump from the train too, as in all 233 people managed to escape, of whom 118 ultimately survived, as the remainder were either killed during the escape or were recaptured soon afterwards, and as the attack was unusual as an attempt by the resistance to free Jewish deportees and marks the only mass breakout by deportees on a Holocaust train
January 2015 Jewish schools in Belgium close amid terror threat: 16 January 2015: Jewish schools in Belgium close amid terror threat
Afro Belgians: Afro Belgians are Belgian citizens and members of the Black African community in Belgium
Culture and languages of Belgium: Culture of Belgium - Languages of Belgium
Flemish culture
Walloon culture - Ars nova, music which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages until the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377
Architecture, art and literature in Belgium: Belgian architecture - Art of Belgium - Belgian literature
20 May 2023 fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries: 20 May 2023: Fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries, as leading art museums are reassessing their works after a Belgian journalist traced how a fascist sympathiser acquired a Jewish dealer’s collection
Music of Belgium: Music of Belgium - Burgundian School, group of composers mainly in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands - Franco-Flemish Music 14th-16th century
Education in Belgium: Education in Belgium - Education in Belgium by city
Schools in Belgium: Schools in Belgium - Lists of schools in Belgium
Universities in Belgium: Universities in Belgium - List of universities in Belgium
Science and technology in Belgium: Science and technology in Belgium
Health in Belgium: Health in Belgium
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Belgium: Medical outbreaks in Belgium - Disasters and man-made disasters in Belgium
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium - Covid-19 cases in Belgium by province, by location and day
Timeline of covid-19 since February 2020 in Belgium: Since February 2020 timeline of covid-19 in Belgium
19 April 2020 'I thought I would never wake up' and Belgium reports cases: 19 April 2020: As Belgium reports 38,496 confirmed cases of covid-19 with 5,683 deaths, Belgian doctor Sassine at Brussels' Delta Chirec hospital says 'I thought I would never wake up', after he and his team were all diagnosed at the hospital and after surviving following intensive care and 3 weeks in a coma
31 December 2020 dozens of residents die at Belgian care home after 'Santa' visit: 31 December 2020: At least 26 residents of a Belgian retirement home near Antwerp have died since a of 'Saint Nicholas' who has since tested positive for covid-19, criticised as 'completely irresponsible' following the visit on 5 December by volunteers dressed as 'Saint Nicholas' and his helper 'Zwarte Piet', organised by the nursing home’s management
Healthcare in Belgium: Healthcare in Belgium - Medical and health organisations based in Belgium
Hospitals in Belgium: Hospitals in Belgium - List of hospitals in Belgium - Hospitals in Brussels-Capital Region
Belgian media: Belgian media
January 2015 threats against distribution of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo: 15 January 2015: Four bookshops in Brussels receive letters warning of reprisals if they distribute first issue of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo since last week's terror attacks in Paris
Newspapers in Belgium: Newspapers published in Belgium - List of newspapers in Belgium
Broadcasting in Belgium: Broadcasting in Belgium>
Radio in Belgium: Radio in Belgium
Television in Belgium: Television in Belgium - Television channels in Belgium - Belgian television-related lists
Internet in Belgium: Internet in Belgium
Crime in Belgium: Crime in Belgium
Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse and Belgian rapists: Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse - Belgian rapists
Belgian murderers of children and Belgian serial killers: Belgian murderers of children - Belgian serial killers
1995-1996 child and serial killer Marc Dutroux: Belgian serial killer and child molester Marc Dutroux, convicted of having kidnapped, tortured and sexually abused six girls from 1995 to 1996
Since 1995 Criticism of police investigations of Dutroux's crimes and 1998 Parliamentary investigation: Since 1995 Criticism of police investigations of Dutroux's crimes and allegations of cover-up - 1998 Parliamentary investigation's report concluded that Dutroux profited from corruption, sloppiness and incompetence
2004 Dutroux's trial: 2004 Dutroux's trial, some seven and a half years after his initial arrest - 23 June 2004: Marc Dutroux sentenced to life in prison for a series of child kidnappings, child rapes and murders that prompted sweeping police reforms and a crackdown on child sex crimes, Dutroux's ex-wife, Michelle Martin sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls
2012 release of the jailed ex-wife of child killer Marc Dutroux: 28 August 2012: The jailed ex-wife Michelle Martin of child killer Marc Dutroux released from prison by Belgium's highest court as relatives of the pair's victims express outrage over the decision, after in 2004 Michelle Martin was sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls
Racism in Belgium: Racism in Belgium
2002: 18 July 2002: Belgium confronts its colonial demons
2017: 15 August 2017: Decades after Belgium ended its colonial rule in Congo, and a century after the atrocities committed in Congo Free State, Belgians are slowly beginning to reconcile with this troubled history - 17 October 2017: As Belgium confronts the identity crisis of its disillusioned minorities and homegrown terrorism, its genocidal colonial legacy remains tucked away from the public discourse, confined to art, culture and religion
Antisemitism in Belgium: Antisemitism in Belgium
1940-1945 The Holocaust in Belgium during the German occupation: The Holocaust in Belgium during the German occupation of Belgium - German Nazi concentration camps in Belgium
Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium: Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium
July 1980 Antwerp summer camp attack: July 1980 Antwerp summer camp attack on a group of 40 Jewish children - Said Al Nasr convicted in Belgium in 1980, for throwing two hand grenades into a group of Jewish children waiting for a bus in Antwerp on 27 July 1980
1981 Antwerp bombing: 1981 Antwerp bombing, a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp, three people were killed and 106 wounded
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting - 24 May 2014: Three people were killed and one badly injured when a gunman attacked the Jewish Museum in the centre of Brussels - 25 May 2014: An Israeli couple and two museum workers killed in the terror attack at the Jewish Museum in Brussels - 25 May: Israel's Netanyahu offers to aid Belgium probe of Jewish Museum attack - 27 May: Some 2,000 people gather for silent vigil at the site of Jewish Museum attack - 1 June 2014: The Frenchman Nemmouche arrested Friday for the triple murder in Brussels Jewish Museum found in possession of a video in which a man believed to be him is heard claiming responsibility for the attack
July 2014: 16 July: Antwerp rally attended by some 500 people amid wave of anti-Semitic attacks in Western Europe against Israel's Protective Edge calls for 'slaughter of Jews'
August 2016: 25 August 2016: Belgian government-funded Catholic Sint-Jozefs Institute secondary school stated pride in and support for retired teacher Descheemaeker who had published anti-Semitic caricatures, and who recently won a cash prize at Iran’s Holocaust mockery cartoon competition
February 2018: 12 February 2018: Belgian police detain refugee for anti-Semitic hate crimes, filmed destroying at least 20 mezuzahs and vandalizing Jewish institutions in Antwerp
August 2018: 9 August 2018: Jewish couple in Belgium targeted with death threats
December 2018: 21 December 2018: Belgian soccer fans sing chant about burning Jews
March 2019: 7 March 2019: Aalst's Vismooil’n group behind anti-Semitic carnival float at Belgium’s most celebrated carnival, added in 2010 to UNESCO’s list of events, and mayor Christoph D’Haese are not sorry, as Pascal Soleme calls the float, which featured anti-Semitic depictions of Jews with money bags and rats, a 'celebration of humor', saying 'people who got offended live in the past'
30 June 2020 Muslims chant in Brussels 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning': 30 June 2020: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators in Brussels chanted the name of Saudi locale where Muslims massacred Jews in the seventh century, as Arabic chants about Khaybar, located in modern-day Saudi Arabia, were filmed at a rally Sunday in the Belgian capital, saying 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning'
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions
Terrorism and massacres in Belgium: Terrorism in Belgium - List of massacres in Belgium
1914-1918: German war crimes in World War I in Belgium
1940-1945: May 1940 at least 86 civilians killed by the German Wehrmacht known in Belgium as the Vinkt Massacre, the first of several German massacres in World War II in Belgium
1980: Said Al Nasr convicted in Belgium in 1980, for throwing two hand grenades into a group of Jewish children waiting for a bus in Antwerp on 27 July 1980
1981 Antwerp bombing: 1981 Antwerp bombing, a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp, three people were killed and 106 wounded
1985: 1985 kidnapping of the Belgian-French family Houtekins-Kets by Palestinian terrorists and the Libyan government from their yacht Silco in the Mediterranean, the Belgian part of the family was held for almost five years of captivity in Libya, but were freed after the liberation of Abu Nidal terrorist Said Al Nasr
Since 1988: Since 1988 'Soldiers of the Right' terror organization claimed three assassinations in Brussels and more terror attacks worldwide - 6 May 1996: List of terrorist attacks for which there have been public accusations of Iranian government involvement since July 1979, according to the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
2011: 14 décembre 2011: À Liège une fusillade d'un homme armé a fait au moins cinq morts et plus de 100 blessés
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
March 2016 Brussels bombings: 22 March 2016 Brussels bombings, three explosions occurred in Brussels, two of which were at the Brussels Airport and one on the metro system - 22 March 2016: Multiple casualties after airport and metro blasts in Brussels - 23 March: After attacks at Zaventem airport and Maelbeek metro station in Brussels killed at least 31 people and injured up to 230, el-Bakraoui brothers named as 'Islamic State' suicide bombers - 24 March: Raising awkward questions for Belgium’s intelligence services, Turkey’s Erdogan says that Belgium ignored Turkey’s warnings that Ibrahim el-Bakraoui was a foreign fighter - 24 March: As names of victims of Tuesday’s suicide bombings emerge, and as survivors reveal the horror of the blasts and narrow escapes, investigations and search for suspects continue - 25 March: Following suicide bombings in Brussels, some arrests linked to suspected wider network that plans, planned and asssisted terror attacks made in French and Belgian police raids - 26 March: Search for suspects in Belgium continues, as a series of raids and arrests reveal more links with the November Paris killings and a new French plot, and as reports reveal that suspects Ibrahim and Khaled El Bakraoui were on USA terror watch list as of last year - 28 March: Three men held as part of 13 raids in Brussels, Mechelen and Duffel at weekend charged with terrorist activity, as anti-immigrant demonstrators trample the memorial in Place de la Bourse in Brussels for victims of last week’s suicide bombings - 9 April: Belgian police detain two key suspects in the Islamic State attacks on Paris and Brussels
August 2016: 6 August 2016 Charleroi attack - 6 August 2016: Female police officers were assaulted and injured in Charleroi on Saturday afternoon by an attacker reportedly shouting in Arabic, who was then shot in the machete attack
June 2017: On 20 June 2017 a small blast occurred at Brussels Central Station in Brussels - 21 June 2017: Soldiers shoot suspected terrorist dead at Brussels railway station
August 2017: 25 August 2017 Brussels attack - 25 August 2017: A man who attacked and injured two soldiers with a knife in Brussels reportedly shouting 'Allahu Akbar' shot dead by the army - 27 August 2017: Islamic State terrorists says Brussels attacker belonged to group
May 2018: 29 May 2018 Liège attack - 29 May 2018: A gunman has killed two police officers and a passerby before being shot dead in the centre of the Belgian city of Liège, as the anti-terrorist crisis centre says terrorism could not be excluded - 30 May 2018: Shooter Herman, who was on a terror watchlist because of his contacts with radical Islamists, was released from prison on Monday, killed a former fellow inmate that night before Liege rampage - 30 May 2018: 'Islamic State' terrorists claim deadly attack on Belgium police
Counter-terrorism in Belgium: Counter-terrorism in Belgium
2015: January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium, including operation in Verviers against Islamist radicals and operations in Brussels, the nearby communes of Schaerbeek, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Vilvoorde, and Zaventem - 15 January 2015 Belgian anti-terrorist operation against Islamists - 15 January 2015: Casualties in Belgium police anti-terror raid in Verviers
November 2015: Since 21 November 2015 the government imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the series of coordinated attacks in Paris by Islamic State terrorists
2016: 16 March 2016: Police kill gunman during Brussels raid related to deadly Paris attacks in 2015 - 20 March 2016: Main suspect of November's Paris attacks Salah Abdeslam tells Belgian investigators he planned to blow himself up a day after he was shot in the leg and captured during a police raid in Brussels - 18 June: Belgium arrests 12 suspected of planning Euro soccer tournament attack
Prevention: 30 novembre 2015: La commune bruxelloise de Molenbeek a lancé des initiatives pour prévenir la radicalisation de jeunes en perdition susceptibles de suivre l'itinéraire meurtrier des frères Abdeslam, impliqués dans les attentats de Paris
Law and legal history of Belgium: Law of Belgium - Legal history of Belgium - Constitution of Belgium - Human rights in Belgium
Judiciary and court system in Belgium: Judiciary and court system in Belgium
April 2018: 23 avril 2018: Le djihadiste français Salah Abdeslam et le seul suspect survivant des attentats de Paris le 13 novembre 2015 était jugé pour son implication dans une fusillade en Belgique
January 2019: 10 January 2019: Brussels Jewish museum terror attack trial opens in a Brussels criminal court, as Frenchman Mehdi Nemmouche faces life sentence if convicted of 2014 shooting
March 2019: 7 March 2019: Frenchman Mehdi Nemmouche was found guilty by Belgian court of the terrorist murders of four people at Brussels’ Jewish museum in 2014 - 12 March 2019: French citizen Mehdi Nemmouche was sentenced to life in jail on Monday for shooting dead four people in the Belgium Jewish Museum in 2014, saying 'life goes on' in his last words in the court room, as families of victims and survivors of the attacks voiced relief at the end of a trial dogged by theories put forward by Nemmouche’s defense lawyers
December 2020 Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot: 4 December 2020: Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot, as verdict for Assadollah Assadi expected on January 22, and as 48-year-old faces 20 years in prison if convicted of plotting to target 2018 rally outside Paris
4 February 2021 Iranian official Assadi convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against opposition group in France in 2018: 4 February 2021: Iranian official Assadollah Assadi was convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against an exiled Iranian opposition group in France in 2018 and sentenced to 20 years in prison by a Belgian court that rejected his claim of diplomatic immunity, as three other defendants also received jail sentences, after Vienna-based diplomat Assadi, earlier detained in Belgium but refused to testify during his trial last year invoking his diplomatic status, did not attend the hearing at the Antwerp courthouse
18 June 2021 Belgium’s climate failures violate human rights, Brussels court rules: 18 June 2021: Belgium’s failure to meet climate targets is a violation of human rights, a Brussels court has ruled, in the latest legal victory against public authorities that have broken promises to tackle the climate emergency, as Brussels court of first instance declared the Belgian state had committed an offence under Belgian’s civil law and breached the European convention on human rights
Constitutional Court of Belgium: Constitutional Court of Belgium
2012 release of the jailed ex-wife of child killer Marc Dutroux: 28 August 2012: The jailed ex-wife Michelle Martin of child killer Marc Dutroux released from prison by Belgium's highest court as relatives of the pair's victims express outrage over the decision, after in 2004 Michelle Martin was sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls
Law enforcement in Belgium: Law enforcement in Belgium
Local and Federal Police in Belgium: Local Police in Belgium - Federal Police
Police brutality in Belgium: Police brutality in Belgium
2003: 13 December 2003: After four police officers were found guilty of 'involuntarily' suffocating Nigerian Sémira Adamu, a 20-year-old asylum seeker, to death, Belgium suspended its policy of forcibly deporting failed asylum seekers
2013: 22 February 2013: Police brutality video sends shock wave through Belgium after a young man was was brutally treated in a police cell in Mortsel and died of his injuries
2016: 4 November 2016: Human Rights Watch details in an extensive report accounts of minorities in Belgium subjected to verbal and physical abuse by police in the wake of the terrorist attacks
2017: 20 September 2017: Police brutality remains a serious problem in Belgium, due in part to judges
May 2018: 18 May 2018: Authorities in Belgium have admitted that two-year-old girl Mawda who died after police opened fire on a van carrying migrants near Mons on Thursday was shot in the face
Foreign relations of Belgium: Foreign relations of Belgium
Belgian colonial empire and relations with former colonies: Belgian colonial empire - Belgium/Former colonies relations
Treaties of Belgium: Treaties of Belgium
Belgian membership in international organisations: Belgian membership in international organisations
Belgium, Brussels and the EU: Brussels and the European Union
2015: 21 novembre 2015: L'alerte terroriste a été élevée au niveau maximum dans la capitale Bruxelles - 22 November: Belgium maintains maximum security for the capital Brussels on Sunday
2016: 22 March 2016: The public and European politicians respond to March 2016 Brussels attacks with show of solidarity
September 2018: 27 September 2018: Jo Cox square unveiled in Brussels in memory of murdered British MP, wanting UK to remain in the EU
Belgium/United Nations relations: Belgium/United Nations relations
February 1961 UN Security Council Resolution 161 after the killings of Patrice Lumumba: 21 February 1961 UN Security Council Resolution 161 after the killings of Patrice Lumumba, Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito, urging the UN to immediately take measures to prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, further urging the withdrawal of all Belgian and other foreign military, paramilitary personnel and mercenaries not with the UN and calling upon all states to take measures to deny transport and other facilities to such personnel moving into the Congo, also to launch an investigation into the death of Mr. Lumumba and his colleagues promising punishment to the perpetrators
Since 1960 Congo Crisis and aftermath: 1960-1966 Congo Crisis, a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Congo region immediately after the Republic of the Congo became independent from Belgium, ending unofficially with the entire country under the rule of Mobutu and constituting a series of civil wars and also a proxy conflict in the Cold War
Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba: Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba in January 1961
February 2002 41 years after the murder of Patrice Lumumba Belgian government expressed regrets: 6 February 2002: 41 years after the murder of Patrice Lumumba Belgian government expressed 'its profound and sincere regrets and its apologies' for Belgium's role in the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the first PM of its former colony Congo, in 1961
Bilateral relations of Belgium: Bilateral relations of Belgium
Belgium/Algeria relations: Belgium/Algeria relations
20 July 2020 Algerian died following police arrest: 20 juillet 2020: Le parquet d'Anvers veut clarifier les circonstances dans lesquelles un Algérien a trouvé la mort, après son arrestation par la police dimanche
Belgium/Austria relations: Belgium/Austria relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Belgium/Burundi relations: Belgium/Burundi relations - Ruanda-Urundi, mandate of Belgium 1922–1962 - Ruzagayura famine during World War II - Raubwirtschaft - Tutsi ethnic group - Hutu ethnic group - Burundi genocide 1972 and 1993
5 January 2022 new evidence of Belgian complicity in 1961 killing of Burundian PM: 5 January 2022: New evidence of Belgian complicity in 1961 killing of Burundian PM, as new book by Flemish sociologist Ludo De Witte explores unseen archive papers relating to Prince Rwagasore’s murder, which led to years of unrest
Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations: Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations
1867-1885 European colonization of the Congo: Colonization of the Congo 1867-1885, by the end of the 19th century, the Congo Basin had been carved up by European colonial powers, into the 'Congo free state', the 'French Congo' and the 'Portuguese Congo'
1885-1908 Belgian 'Congo Free State': 'Congo Free State' in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908, which was in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II
Since 1885 Belgian atrocities, Red Rubber system and forced labour in the 'Congo Free State': 1885-1908 Atrocities in the 'Congo Free State' - Red Rubber system and forced labour
1908-1960 'Belgian Congo' colony: 1908-1960 'Belgian Congo', Belgian colony in Central Africa in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Since 1958 'Mouvement National Congolais': Since 1958 'Mouvement National Congolais' African nationalist party within the Belgian Congo and a united front organization bringing together members from a variety of political backgrounds in order to achieve independence, and created around a charter which was signed by, among others Patrice Lumumba, Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Iléo
1960-1971 Republic of the Congo: 1960-1971 Republic of the Congo, a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the 'Belgian Congo' in 1960 - Since 1960 Republic of the Congo, also known as the Congo-Brazzaville, the former 'French Congo' is a country in Central Africa bordered by Gabon and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Cameroon to the northwest, the Central African Republic to the northeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest
Since 1960 Congo Crisis and aftermath: 1960-1966 Congo Crisis, a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Congo region immediately after the Republic of the Congo became independent from Belgium, ending unofficially with the entire country under the rule of Mobutu and constituting a series of civil wars and also a proxy conflict in the Cold War
2002: 6 February 2002: Belgian government expressed 'its profound and sincere regrets and its apologies' for Belgium's role in the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the first PM of its former colony Congo, in 1961
1960-2010: 30 June 2010: New row over colonial past as Congo marks 50th anniversary of independence and Belgians may face charges over the assassination in January 1961 of Patrice Lumumba, Congo's first post-independence prime minister
1897, 1958-2018: 16 April 2018: Belgium comes to terms with 'human zoos' of its colonial past, as 60 years ago Belgium set up a live display of people from Congo for the 1958 world fair, but is now rethinking that legacy
Since 1960 UN forces and operations in the Congo: Since 1960 UN Operation in the Congo - Since 1999 UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a UN peacekeeping force to monitor the peace process of the Second Congo War, though much of its focus subsequently turned to the Ituri conflict, the Kivu conflict and the Dongo conflict
June 2018 square Patrice Lumumba: 30 juin 2018: Bruxelles a inauguré samedi un square Patrice Lumumba, du nom d'un des héros de l'indépendance de l'ex-Congo belge, assassiné dans des conditions troubles en 1961
30 June 2020 as Congo marks anniversary of its independence Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets': 30 June 2020: As the Democratic Republic of the Congo marks the 60th anniversary of its independence, Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for brutal colonial rule
1 July 2020 women sue Belgium for colonial-era 'abduction' from Congo: 1 July 2020: Five biracial women born in Congo who were taken away from their Black mothers during Belgian rule have filed a lawsuit for crimes against humanity targeting the Belgian state
14 October 2021 women taken from their Congolese mothers sue Belgian state: 14 October 2021: Women taken from their Congolese mothers sue Belgian state, as five mixed-race women taken from their mothers in DR Congo as children have gone to court, suing Belgium for crimes against humanity. The trial is the first of its kind. Around 15,000 biracial children were forcibly separated from their Black mothers in the former Belgian colonies of DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi
24 June 2022 Belgian returns tooth taken in 1961 from slain Congolese icon Lumumba: 24 June 2022: Belgian returns tooth taken in 1961 from slain Congolese icon, as relatives of murdered Congolese independence hero Patrice Lumumba attend a sombre ceremony in Brussels underlining the importance of the return in the 21st century, France24 reports
Belgium/Ecuador relations: Relaciones Bélgica/Ecuador
July 2018: 4 juillet 2018: La justice équatorienne a lancé un mandat d'arrêt contre l'ex-président Correa 2007-2017, qui vit en Belgique, l'accusant d'avoir commandité une tentative d'enlèvement de l'opposant politique Fernando Balda en 2012
Belgium, Brussels and the EU: Brussels and the European Union
2015: 21 novembre 2015: L'alerte terroriste a été élevée au niveau maximum dans la capitale Bruxelles - 22 November: Belgium maintains maximum security for the capital Brussels on Sunday - 25 November: Brussels schools, metro reopen under tight security - 26 novembre: Après six jours, le niveau de menace terroriste à Bruxelles a été baissé d'un cran, à 3 sur une échelle de 4
2016: 22 March 2016: The public and European politicians respond to March 2016 Brussels attacks with show of solidarity
Belgium/France relations: Belgium/France relations - 10 October 2011: Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank - 8 septembre 2012: Vive la Belgique! Le patron français de l'empire du luxe LVMH Bernard Arnault sollicite la nationalité belge - 3 mars 2013: Le Parquet de Bruxelles a pour la deuxième fois rejeté la demande de naturalisation de Bernard Arnault
Belgium/Germany relations: Belgium/Germany relations - From World War I to World War II - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918 - In August 1914, Ebert led the Social Democratic Party to vote almost unanimously in favour of war loans and mass murder - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - April/May 1915 Second Battle of Ypres - Germany used the first time poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front - By 1916 the German Empire had become a military dictatorship under the control of Hindenburg and Ludendorff - German occupation of Belgium during World War II - German war crimes World War II - Belgian prisoners of war in World War II - The Holocaust in Belgium
Belgian Resistance
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials - 26 June 2014: European prime ministers and presidents attend first world war ceremony in Ypres - 3 August: Mons prepares to mark centenary at place where first and last British soldiers fell - 28 October 2014: Representatives from World War I enemies in Nieuwpoort to mark the centenary of the first big battle on Flanders Fields and four years of death of hundreds of thousands
Belgium/India relations: Belgium/India relations - 24 January 2013: Steel and mining company ArcelorMittal has announced it will close a coke plant and six production lines in Belgium, in a move that threatens 1.300 jobs - 26 January: ArcelorMittal workers and police clash outside Belgium PM's house - 30 January: Some 2.000 steel workers protested plans to lay off 1.300 workers at several ArcelorMittal plants in Liege, wanting the regional government to intervene - 8 March 2013: Hundreds of Belgian steel workers have blocked a border crossing near the Belgian city of Liege to protest against planned job cuts by ArcelorMittal - 15 October 2013: Belgian steelworker suicide blames Lakshmi Mittal for job loss at a steel plant in the town of Liege
Belgium/Israel relations: Belgium/Israel relations
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting - 25 May: An Israeli couple and two museum workers killed in the terror attack at the Jewish Museum in Brussels - 25 May: Israel's Netanyahu offers to aid Belgium probe of Jewish Museum attack
November 2019 Belgian officials boycott trade delegation to Israel: 30 November 2019: Belgian officials boycott trade delegation to Israel, blaming alleged Israeli violations of international law
Belgium/Liberia relations: 10 January 2013: Overview of the bilateral trade relations between Liberia and Belgium - 26 January 2014: Belgium reestablishes ties with Liberia - 7 October 2014: Former Liberian NPFL rebel commander Martina Johnson called to account at a court in Belgium’s city of Ghent for actions during civil war, following years of work by campaigners
Belgium/Netherlands relations: Belgium/Netherlands relations - Burgundian Netherlands 1384-1482 - United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815-1839 - Belgian Revolution 1830-1831, secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands establishing an independent Kingdom of Belgium
Belgium/Rwanda relations: Belgium/Rwanda relations - Ruanda-Urundi, mandate of Belgium 1922–1962 - Raubwirtschaft - Tutsi ethnic group - Hutu ethnic group - Rwandan Genocide 1994 - Role of Belgium in the Rwandan Genocide
Belgium/Spain relations: Belgium/Spain relations - Seventeen Provinces 1549-1581 of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 15th and 16th century - Spanish Netherlands 1581-1714
Belgium/Syria relations: Belgium/Syria relations
1915-2015: 19 June 2015: A hundred years since WW I 70 countries across the planet united in a letter, organized by Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, to express outrage over the Syrian Assad regime's systematic use of barrel bombs and to demand an end to the deadly, indiscriminate attacks
April 2018: 19 April 2018: Three Belgian companies are being prosecuted for exporting chemicals to Syria, one of which could be used in the production of sarin gas, as according to 'Bellingcat' and 'Syrian Archive' Belgium is the only EU country to have exported a chemical called isopropanol since July 2013 when a prohibition from the OPCW came into force
Belgium/Ukraine relations: Belgium/Ukraine relations
2016: 22 March 2016: Ukrainians are laying flowers outside the Belgian Embassy in Kyiv to express condolences to the victims of March 2016 terrorist attacks in Brussels
Belgium/United Kingdom relations: Belgium/United Kingdom relations
2015: 25 June 2015: Belgium warns talks on Cameron's EU renegotiation will be tough
Belgium/USA relations: Belgium/USA relations - 30 June 2013: US spied on EU diplomats in Washington, New York and Brussels, according to documents taken by Edward Snowden

Bulgaria - Geography of Bulgaria - History of Bulgaria - Demographics of Bulgaria
Economy of Bulgaria: Economy of Bulgaria - main industries include electricity, gas and water, food, beverages and tobacco, machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel - Companies of Bulgaria by industry
Agriculture in Bulgaria: Agriculture in Bulgaria - products include wheat, corn, and barley, sugar beets, sunflowers, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, apples, grapes and tobacco, livestock products
Water in Bulgaria: Water in Bulgaria
Rivers of Bulgaria: Rivers of Bulgaria - Danube, the longest river in the European Union region, located in Central and Eastern Europe, passing through or touching Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before emptying into the Black Sea - Since 1994 International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
2016 looming pollution threats to the Danube: 13 November 2016: Looming pollution threats to the Danube, the world’s most international river
Transport in Bulgaria: Transport in Bulgaria - Public transport in Bulgaria - Transport in Bulgaria by city
Water transport in Bulgaria: Water transport in Bulgaria
Rail transport in Bulgaria: Rail transport in Bulgaria
Road transport in Bulgaria: Road transport in Bulgaria
Road incidents in Bulgaria: Road incidents in Bulgaria
23 November 2021 Bulgaria bus crash kills at least 46 people including 12 children: 23 November 2021 Bulgaria bus crash, as North Macedonian bus crashed and caught fire on the Struma Motorway near the village of Bosnek, south-west of Sofia. Fifty passengers and two drivers were on the bus. 46 people died during the crash, including twelve children. Seven other passengers suffered burns but survived. It is currently the deadliest road accident in Bulgarian history. - 23 November 2021: North Macedonia has declared three-days of national mourning after 46 people, including 12 children, were killed in a tourist bus on a highway, near the village of Bosnek in Bulgaria
Foreign economic relations of Bulgaria: Foreign economic relations of Bulgaria - Since 2007Bulgarian economic development following EU membership
Banking and banks of Bulgaria: Banks of Bulgaria - Bulgarian National Bank
Economic history of Bulgaria and business cycles: Economic history of Bulgaria
2008 Bulgarian energy crisis: 2008 Bulgarian energy crisis
Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis: Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis
Taxation in Bulgaria: Taxation in Bulgaria - taxes in Bulgaria are collected on both state and local levels, the most important taxes are collected on federal level, including an income tax, social security, corporate taxes and value added tax
Politics of Bulgaria: Politics of Bulgaria - July 1991 Constitution of Bulgaria, the supreme and basic law of the republic. The current constitution was adopted on 12 July 1991 by the 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria, and defines the country as a unitary parliamentary republic. It has been amended five times, in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2015. Chronologically, it is the fourth constitution of Bulgaria, the first being the Tarnovo Constitution of 1879
Political parties in Bulgaria: List of political parties in Bulgaria - Political parties and alliances in Bulgaria
2009 Bulgarian parliamentary and European election: Bulgarian parliamentary election 2009 - European Parliament election, 2009
2011 Bulgarian presidential election: Bulgarian presidential election 2011 - Stichwahl zwischen Kalfin und Plewneliew am 30. Oktober - 31 octobre: Le candidat conservateur Plevneliev élu président de la République
Januar 2013 Bulgarian nuclear power referendum: Bulgarian nuclear power referendum January 2013 - 27 janvier 2013: Les bureaux de vote ont ouvert pour un référendum sur un projet bulgaro-russe d'une nouvelle centrale nucléaire à Béléné
February 2013 Bulgaria's government resigned after protests against high electricity prices: 20 February 2013: Bulgaria's government resigned from office after nationwide protests against high electricity prices - 25 February: Tens of thousands of people have taken to the streets across Bulgaria to protest against corruption and the country's rising cost of living - 28 February: Bulgaria will hold an early election on May 12, Rosen Plevneliev says as the government seeks a way out of a political crisis
May 2013 parliamentary elections: Bulgarian parliamentary election 12 May 2013 - 12 May: Bulgarians began voting Sunday in a tight and tense snap election - 13 mai: Les conservateurs en tête des législatives bulgares en recueillant entre 29,6 % et 32% des suffrages, le Parti socialiste entre 25,6 et 26,2%
June 2013 protests against new PM Plamen Oresharski: 18 June 2013: Thousands of Bulgarians took to the streets in a fourth day of protests demanding the resignation of new PM Plamen Oresharski after a political blunder sparked public outrage - 21 juin: Des milliers de Bulgares manifestaient pour le huitième jour consécutif dans les plus grandes villes, contre l'oligarchie et 'pour une morale en politique'
July 2013 protests and violence: 24 July: Twenty people including three police officers needed hospital treatment after long-running protests against the government turned violent overnight
May 2014 Bulgaria European Parliament election: Bulgaria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
July 2014 PM Plamen Oresharski stood down amid protests: 23 July 2014: Bulgaria's PM Plamen Oresharski stood down amid protests against corruption, deadly floods and disputes over gas pipeline project, leaving an interim and later new government to sort out the Balkan state's worst banking crisis since the 1990s
October 2014 Bulgarian parliamentary election: Bulgarian parliamentary election 5 October 2014 - 5 October: The center-right GERB party set to win Bulgaria's snap general election but will fall short of a majority, a result that could mean another shaky coalition struggling to solve a bank crisis and revive growth
November 2016 Bulgarian presidential election and referendum: 6 November 2016 Bulgarian presidential election and referendum on changes to the electoral system and political party funding - 7 novembre 2016: Roumen Radev en tête de la présidentielle bulgare - 14 November 2016: After 99.3% of polling stations counted, former air force commander Rumen Radev is leading with almost 60% of the vote
March 2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 26 March 2017 Bulgarian early parliamentary election - 26 March 2017: Borisov’s pro-EU party won about 32% ahead of the BSP on about 28%, according to exit polls
May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria
27 October and 3 November 2019 Bulgarian local elections: 27 October and 3 November 2019 Bulgarian local elections, as Korneliya Ninova's BSP won 4 more Provincial Mayoralities and as the ruling GERB party had lost 6 mayorships
17 March 2021 Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation: 17 March 2021: Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation
4 April 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 4 April 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election - Bulgarian parliamentary election opinion polls - 4 April 2021: Bulgarians will head to the polls on Sunday for a parliamentary election amid a surge of coronavirus cases and following months of anti-government protests
11 July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 11 July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election, after no party was able or willing to form a government following the April 2021 elections - July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election opinion polls
July 2021 'There Is Such a People' received the most votes with 23.78%: 'There Is Such a People' received the most votes with 23.78%, finishing around 15,000 votes ahead of GERB–SDS. It was the first time that GERB or a GERB-led coalition had not won the most votes or seats since the party's establishment in 2006. Four other parties (BSP for Bulgaria, Democratic Bulgaria, Movement for Rights and Freedom, and Stand Up! Mafia, Get Out!) also won seats. 'There Is Such a People' performed well among young voters, with 37.4% of Generation Z supporting the party and 30.9% of voters aged 30–39.
30 August 2021 political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections in 2021: 30 August 2021: Political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections this year
14 November 2021 Bulgarian general election: 14 November 2021 Bulgarian general election, to elect both the President of Bulgaria and the National Assembly of Bulgaria, the country's third parliamentary elections in 2021, with no party able to form a government after elections in April and July. A second round of the presidential elections will be held on 21 November if no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round.
14 November 2021 Bulgarians are heading to the polls: 14 November 2021: Bulgarians are heading to the polls to elect a new parliament and a new president amid a surge of covid-19 infections, as some 6.7 million eligible voters hope that after inconclusive general elections in April and July, the third attempt to elect 240 lawmakers will result in a government to lead the EU’s poorest member out of health and economic crises
21 November 2021 Bulgarians heading to polls in second round: 21 novembre 2021: La Bulgarie, pays le plus pauvre d'Europe, élit son président ce dimanche, en pleine pandémie de covid-19. Le président sortant, Roumen Radev, figure de la lutte anti-corruption, est le grand favori.
2 October 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 2 October 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the October 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election
2 October 2022 Bulgaria's GERB party seen winning national election: 2 October 2022: Bulgaria's GERB party seen winning national election amid steep inflation and energy costs
2 April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 2 April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the April 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election
April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election results: April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election results, as GERB—SDS and PP–DB winning more then the half of the seats
Protests in Bulgaria: Protests in Bulgaria
November 2018: 12 November 2018: Protesters across Bulgaria have held demonstrations against price rises and air pollution
January 2019: 16 January 2019: Hundreds of Roma protested yesterday in Sofia demanding the resignation of the PM following the destruction of a Roma settlement in Plovdiv and racist comments from the PM
10 July 2020 new wave of mass demonstrations against Borissov’s government: 10 July 2020: A new wave of mass demonstrations against Borissov’s government, highlighting a growing feeling of crisis, including impacts of pandemic, in the country was launched on Thursday and looks set to continue
12 July 2020 thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests: 12 July 2020: Thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests
15 July 2020 protests continue: 15 juillet 2020: Les manifestations contre le gouvernement accusé de corruption se poursuivent en Bulgarie, où trois personnes ont été blessées mardi
17 July 2020 anti-graft protests: 17 juillet 2020: Plus de 18’000 Bulgares ont manifesté pour le huitième jour jeudi à Sofia, réclamant la démission du gouvernement qu’ils accusent de corruption et de liens oligarchiques
30 July 2020 anti-corruption protests continue: 30 juillet 2020: Depuis trois semaines, les manifestants protestent contre la corruption du gouvernement et demandent notamment la démission du premier ministre
3 September 2020 Bulgarian anti-corruption protesters confronted by riot police: 3 September 2020: Bulgarian protesters were confronted by riot police outside parliament in Sofia on Wednesday night in the largest demonstration in two months of anti-corruption and anti-government demonstrations
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bulgaria: Bulgarian society - Human rights in Bulgaria
Provinces and municipalities of Bulgaria: 28 provinces of Bulgaria, the first-level administrative subdivisions of the country and as the capital Sofia city is the administrative centre of both Sofia Province and Sofia City Province - List of 264 municipalities of Bulgaria, listed by province - List of 5329 villages and settlements in Bulgaria by province
Cities and towns in Bulgaria: List of all cities and towns in Bulgaria sorted by population, as the largest city is Sofia with about 1.3 million inhabitants and the smallest is Melnik with about 300
Sofia city: Sofia city, the capital and largest city of Bulgaria situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country with 1,291,591 citizens in the 21st century. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. It has a humid continental climate. Being in the centre of the Balkans, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and closest to the Aegean Sea.
Economy of Sofia: Economy of Sofia
Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia: Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia
20th century timeline of Sofia: 20th century timeline of Sofia
Since 1909 Sofia Sephardic Jewish community Synagogue: Since 1909 Sofia Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Southeastern Europe (today one of two functioning in Bulgaria with the other one in Plovdiv) and the third-largest in Europe. Constructed for the needs of the Bulgarian capital Sofia's mainly Sephardic Jewish community it was officially opened on 9 September 1909. Since 8 May 1992 the Sofia Synagogue also houses the Jewish Museum of History, which includes the Jewish Communities in Bulgaria, the Holocaust and the Rescue of the Jews in Bulgaria expositions.
1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in World War II: 1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in Axis powers' World War II
21st century CE timeline of Sofia: 21st century CE timeline of Sofia
Varna city and Black Sea Euroregion: Varna city, the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and in the Northern Bulgaria region. Situated in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Historically known as 'Odessos' in Greek language, Varna developed from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea, today an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism, entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and has the headquarters of the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. In 2008, Varna was designated as the seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe.
Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna: Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna
Demographics and ethnic groups in Bulgaria: Demographics of Bulgaria - Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
Turks in Bulgaria: Turks in Bulgaria
Romani people in Bulgaria: Romani people in Bulgaria
History of the Jews in Bulgaria: History of the Jews in Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Since 2014: Since 2014 international and European refugee and migrant crisis - Since 2014 Bulgarian border barrier erected by Bulgaria on its border with Turkey in the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 16 October 2015: Afghan refugee shot dead by police near the south-eastern Bulgarian town of Sredets while trying to enter Bulgaria - 1 November 2015: 38 men, 33 women and 58 children, believed to be Syrian, were found alive at the Kapitan Andreevo border crossing in a refrigerated truck trying to cross the Bulgarian border with Turkey
Culture of Bulgaria: Culture of Bulgaria - Languages of Bulgaria - Bulgarian language
Education in Bulgaria: Education in Bulgaria
Health in Bulgaria: Health in Bulgaria
Bulgarian media: Bulgarian media - Newspapers in Bulgaria
October 2018: 6 October 2018 Victoria Marinova murdered - 7 October 2018: TV journalist Viktoria Marinova brutally murdered in Bulgarian town of Ruse, while police investigate both personal and work related leads - 9 October 2018: Murdered Viktoria Marinova had reported on investigation into corruption involving EU funds
Crime in Bulgaria: Crime in Bulgaria
Corruption in Bulgaria: Corruption in Bulgaria
2012: 25 September 2012: Corruption in Bulgaria up since last year, survey says
2017: 28 December 2017: Cloud of corruption hangs over Bulgaria as it takes up EU presidency
Human trafficking in Bulgaria: Human trafficking in Bulgaria
Organized crime in Bulgaria: Organized crime in Bulgaria - Bulgarian mafia
Terrorism in Bulgaria: Terrorism in Bulgaria
July 2012 Burgas bus bombing: July 2012 Burgas bus bombing
Law and legal history in Bulgaria: Law of Bulgaria - Legal history of Bulgaria - Constitutions of Bulgaria - Human rights in Bulgaria
Judiciary of Bulgaria: Judiciary of Bulgaria
Law enforcement in Bulgaria: Law enforcement in Bulgaria
Foreign relations of Bulgaria: Foreign relations of Bulgaria
Treaties of Bulgaria: Treaties of Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Since 2014 international and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Bulgaria's membership in international organisationsBulgaria's membership in international organisations
Bulgaria and the European Union: Bulgaria and the European Union - Bulgaria and the euro
Security issues in Bulgaria: National security of Bulgaria, after in the early 2000s, Bulgarian and international authorities recognized organized crime and corruption as grave ongoing problems exacerbated by Bulgaria’s geographic location along major international smuggling lines
Bilateral relations of Bulgaria: Bilateral relations of Bulgaria
Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations: Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations
2015: 16 October 2015: Afghan refugee shot dead by police near the south-eastern Bulgarian town of Sredets while trying to enter Bulgaria
2016: 25 November 2016: Bulgaria’s biggest refugee camp erupts and Bulgarian police fire water cannon and rubber bullets, after its inhabitants wrongly accused by local media of carrying infectious skin diseases
Bulgaria/Germany relations: Bulgaria/Germany relations
September 1915 treaty allied Bulgaria with the Central Powers in World War I: September 1915 Bulgaria–Germany treaty, as treaty along with the Secret Bulgarian-German agreement, the Military convention between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and the Bulgarian-Turkish convention also signed on 6 September allied Bulgaria with the Central Powers in World War I, and was to be secret until the official entering of Bulgaria in the war
1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
March 1941 Tripartite Pact: Tripartite Pact, signed by Bulgaria on 1 March 1941
Bulgaria/Israel relations: Bulgaria/Israel relations - History of the Jews in Bulgaria
July 2012 Burgas bus bombing: July 2012 Burgas bus bombing - 18 July: Deadly blast hits bus carrying Israelis in Bulgaria - 5 February 2013: Bulgaria blames Hezbollah for bombing that killed five Israelis, in a move that may open way for EU to join in branding Iranian-backed Hezbollah a terrorist organization
Bulgaria/Lebanon relations: Bulgaria/Lebanon relations
February 2013 Bulgaria blames Hezbollah for bombing that killed five Israelis: 5 February 2013: Bulgaria blames Hezbollah for bombing that killed five Israelis, in a move that may open way for EU to join in branding Iranian-backed Hezbollah a terrorist organization
Bulgaria/Palestine relations: Bulgaria/Palestine relations - 15 February 2013: Bulgaria ordered three visiting Palestinian Hamas politicians to leave the country, saying they posed a security risk to the EU member state
Bulgaria/Romania relations: Bulgaria/Romania relations
Bulgaria/Russia relations: Bulgaria/Russia relations - Paris Peace Treaties 1947
2016 Plevneliev warns that Russia is trying to 'destroy' EU: 9 June 2016: Outgoing Bulgarian president Rosen Plevneliev warns that Russia is trying to 'destroy' EU - 12 June 2016: Nearly 100 Ukrainian and Bulgarian activists took part in the 'Stop Putin's War in Ukraine' rally in Sofia on 11 June
Bulgaria/Syria relations: Bulgaria/Syria relations
August/September 2013 Bulgarian detention centre: 30 August 2013: Onslaught of Syrian refugees finding themselves behind bars in a Bulgarian detention centre - 17 September 2013: Bulgaria asks for EU help with Syrian refugees
April 2014 tens of thousands of Syrian refugees: 11 April 2014: With all doors rapidly closing shut, tens of thousands of refugees from war-torn Syria end up in the EU's poorest state Bulgaria
Bulgaria/Turkey relations: Bulgaria/Turkey relations - Turks in Bulgaria - Ottoman Bulgaria - Balkan Wars 1912-1913 - Second Balkan War 1913 - 1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria
September 2015 125 foreigners detained: 3 September 2015: Bulgarian authorities detained 125 foreigners in the capital Sofia for illegally crossing into the country without submitting an asylum request
Bulgaria/Ukraine relations: Bulgaria/Ukraine relations - Black Sea Fibre Optic Cable System since 2001
Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations: Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations
September 1918 Armistice of Salonica: 29 September 1918 Armistice of Salonica, signed between Bulgaria and the Allied Powers in Thessaloniki and effectively ending Bulgaria's participation in World War I on the side of the Central Powers
19 October 2019 Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi: 19 October 2019: Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi salutes at England match
Bulgaria/USA relations: Bulgaria/USA relations

Croatia - Geography of Croatia - History of Croatia - Croatian War of Independance
Demographics of Croatia
Industry of Croatia: Industry of Croatia
Water transport in Croatia: Water transport in Croatia
Economic history of Croatia and economic cycles: Economic history of Croatia
2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia: Economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia
Labor and trade unions in Croatia: Labor and trade unions in Croatia
Taxation in Croatia: Taxation in Croatia
May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia: 23-26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia
Protests in Croatia: Protests in Croatia
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Croatia: Croatian society
Regions and cunties of Croatia: Regions of Croatia - 20 Counties of Croatia
Cities and towns in Croatia: Cities and towns in Croatia
Demographics of Croatia: Demographics of Croatia
Ethnic groups in Croatia: Ethnic groups in Croatia
Immigration to Croatia: Immigration to Croatia
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 16 September 2015: First refugees head for Croatia after Hungary's border crackdown - 18 September 2015: As Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia and police stand guard in front of refugees and migrants, Hungary builds border fence with Croatia - 18 September: Croatia fails to cope with refugee and migrant influx, as refugees wait for the trains that never come - 27 September 2015: Record migrant arrivals in Croatia as crisis deepens - 5 October: Refugees and migrants continue to cross from Serbia to Croatia in their thousands - 19 October 2015: Thousands of refugees trying to make their way to western Europe have rushed over Serbia’s border to Croatia after they were stranded for days in dangerous and deteriorating conditions, 'the last person to go was a young boy without a leg, and we helped him cross in a wheelchair', UNHCR's Melita Sunjic reports, as UN's Ban Ki-moon says, refugees are fleeing difficult hardships they can't bear by themselves
Education in Croatia: Education in Croatia
Health in Croatia: Health in Croatia
Medical outbreaks in Croatia: Medical outbreaks in Croatia
Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia: Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia
Healthcare in Croatia: Healthcare in Croatia
Sport in Croatia by sport: Sport in Croatia by sport
Media of Croatia: Media of Croatia
Newspapers in Croatia: List of newspapers in Croatia
Internet in Croatia: Internet in Croatia
War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia: War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia
Concentration and extermination camps of the Independent State of Croatia: Concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia - Italian fascist internment camps in Croatia
1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp: 1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp, established in Slavonia by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in marshland at the confluence of the Sava and Una rivers near the village of Jasenovac, one of the ten largest in Europe operated by the governing Ustaše regime, which was the only quisling regime in Nazi occupied Europe to operate extermination camps solely on their own for Jews and other ethnic groups - At 1941-1945 'Stara Gradiška concentration and extermination camp' in Croatia during WWII guarded by the Croatian Ustaše and specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jewish and Romani ethnicity, gas experiments were conducted and humans were poisoned using sulphur dioxide and later Zyklon B - 2011 'Crimes in Past and Present - government sponsored atrocities and international legal responses', edited by David M. Crowe
Massacres in Croatia: Massacres in Croatia
Violence in Croatia: Violence in Croatia
Human trafficking in Croatia: Human trafficking in Croatia
Law and legal history of Croatia: Law of Croatia - Legal history of Croatia
Judiciary of Croatia: Judiciary of Croatia
Law enforcement in Croatia: Law enforcement in Croatia
Foreign relations of Croatia: Foreign relations of Croatia
Treaties of Croatia: Treaties of Croatia
1939/1941-1945 World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy: 1941-1945 'Independent State of Croatia', a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941 after the invasion by the Axis powers. as its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia (until late 1943), Istria, and Medimurje regions (which today are part of Croatia), and as during its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a one-party state by the fascist Ustaša organization - 1941-1944/45 Croatian Home Guard, the land army part of the armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia which existed during World War II
1 January 2023 adoption of the euro: 1 January 2023: Croatia has switched to the euro and entered Europe’s passport-free zone, two important milestones for the country after joining the European Union nearly a decade ago. At midnight on Sunday, the Balkan nation bid farewell to its kuna currency and became the 20th member of the eurozone. But feelings among Croatians are mixed. While they welcome the end of border controls, some fear the euro switch will lead to an increase in the cost of living as businesses round up prices when they convert them. 'It will be difficult. Prices that are already high will become even higher,' said Ivana Toncic, a teacher from Zagreb. - Croatia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2023, becoming the 20th member state of the eurozone. This was the first expansion of the monetary union since Lithuania joined in 2015. A fixed conversion rate was set at 1 € = 7.53450 kn.
Bilateral relations of Croatia: Bilateral relations of Croatia
Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Croatia/Serbia relations: Croatia/Serbia relations
1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II
1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence: 1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence
Environmentalism in Croatia: Environmentalism in Croatia
Water supply and sanitation in Croatia: Water supply and sanitation in Croatia
Natural disasters in Croatia: Natural disasters in Croatia
May 2014 Southeast Europe floods: May 2014 Southeast Europe floods
Earthquakes in Croatia: Earthquakes in Croatia

Cyprus - Modern history of Cyprus - Northern Cyprus - Demographics of Cyprus
Water transport in Cyprus: Water transport in Cyprus
Poverty in Cyprus: Poverty in Cyprus
Elections and politics in Cyprus: Elections in Cyprus
May 2011 Cypriot legislative election: Cypriot legislative election May 2011
24 February 2013: Cyprus president-elect Nicos Anastasiades pledged after his poll victory on Sunday to work for an early EU bailout accord to rescue the island from bankruptcy - 18 mars: Le Parlement chypriote se réunit pour examiner le plan de sauvetage européen qui a exigé que tous les dépôts bancaires soient taxés - 20 March: Emergency meeting after Cyprus MPs reject bank levy - 21 March: Cypriot president to present 'Plan B' rescue package - 23 March: Parliament, in a late-night session, backed the first three of eight measures advanced by the government - 25 mars: Le plan de sauvetage conclu entre le gouvernement chypriote et la troïka comprend une taxe sur les dépôts de plus de 100.000 euros et la fermeture de la deuxième banque du pays - 26 March: Closed since March 16 to avert run on deposits Cyprus banks to remain closed until Thursday - 28 March: Temporary limits on daily withdrawals will remain in place as Cyprus reopens banks amid protests - 29 March: Cypriot president rules out leaving eurozone
May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus
Social movements and protests in Cyprus:
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Cyprus: Cypriot society - Human rights in Cyprus
Demographics of Cyprus: Demographics of Cyprus
Women in Cyprus: Women in Cyprus
Education in Cyprus: Education in Cyprus
Healthcare in Cyprus: Healthcare in Cyprus
Internet in Cyprus: Internet in Cyprus
Foreign relations of Cyprus: Foreign relations of Cyprus
Treaties of Cyprus: Treaties of Cyprus
Membership of Cyprus in international organisations: Membership of Cyprus in international organisations
Cyprus/EU relations: Cyprus and the European Union
Bilateral relations of Cyprus: Bilateral relations of Cyprus
Cyprus/Egypt relations: Cyprus/Egypt relations
Cyprus/Germany relations: Cyprus/Germany relations
Cyprus/Greece relations: Cyprus/Greece relations
Cyprus/Israel relations: Cyprus/Israel relations
Cyprus/Russia relations: Cyprus/Russia relations
Cyprus/Turkey relations: Cyprus/Turkey relations
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus: 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute: Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute
Cyprus/United Kingdom relations: Cyprus/United Kingdom relations
1914–1960 British Cyprus: British Cyprus 1914–1960
Cyprus/USA relations: Cyprus/USA relations

Czech Republic - Geography of the Czech Republic - History of the Czech lands - Demographics of the Czech lands
Agriculture in the Czech Republic: Agriculture in the Czech Republic
Aviation in the Czech Republic: Aviation in the Czech Republic
Rail transport in the Czech Republic: Rail transport in the Czech Republic
Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic: Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic
Water transport in the Czech Republic: Water transport in the Czech Republic
Tourism in the Czech Republic: Tourism in the Czech Republic
Economic history of the Czech Republic and economic cycles: Economic history of the Czech Republic
1989-2014 economic history of the Czech Republic: Since 1989 economic history of the Czech Republic
Taxation in the Czech Republic: Taxation in the Czech Republic
Political parties in the Czech Republic: Political parties in the Czech Republic
Trade unions in the Czech Republic: Trade unions in the Czech Republic
Elections and politics in the Czech Republic: Elections in the Czech Republic
May 2010 Czech legislative election: 28/29 May 2010 Czech legislative election
October 2012 Czech Senate election: Czech Senate election, October 2012
May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic: 24-25 May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic
2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate and regional elections: 2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate elections alongside regional elections
Social movements and protests in the Czech Republic: Protests in the Czech Republic
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the Czech Republic: Czech society - Human rights in the Czech Republic
Cities in the Czech Republic: Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Culture of Prague and tourism: Culture of Prague, as the city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre and the Estates Theatre, where the premières of Mozart's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera performs at the Smetana Theatre. The city has many world-class museums, including the National Museum, the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the National Gallery, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic - Prague tourism, as since the late 20th century Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations
Timeline of Prague since 870 CE: Timeline of Prague since 870 CE
1618-1620 Bohemian Revolt against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the 30 Years' War: 1618-1620 The Bohemian Revolt, an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The conflict spread to the rest of Europe and devastated vast areas of Central Europe, including the Czech lands, which were particularly stricken by its violent atrocities.
In 1848/1849 European uprising also in Prague Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.
6 October 2022 first meeting of the IPC in Prague: 6 octobre 2022 la première réunion de la Communauté politique européenne rassemblera des dirigeants de tout le continent dans un esprit d'unité à Prague, avant la réunion informelle des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement, visant à favoriser le dialogue politique et la coopération afin de répondre aux questions d'intérêt commun et à renforcer la sécurité, la stabilité et la prospérité du continent européen. Les participants invités à prendre part à cette première réunion de la CPE sont les États membres de l'EU-27 et 17 autres pays y compris l'Arménie, l'Azerbaïdjan, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Géorgie, l'Islande, le Kosovo, la Moldavie, le Monténégro, la Macédoine du Nord, la Norvège, la Serbie, la Suisse, la Turquie, l'Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni
In 1848/1849 European uprising Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.
Demographics in the Czech Republic: Demographics of the Czech lands
Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic: Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic
Immigration to the Czech Republic: Immigrants to the Czech Republic
Women in the Czech Republic: Women in the Czech Republic
Education in the Czech Republic: Education in the Czech Republic
Health in the Czech Republic: Health in the Czech Republic
Healthcare in the Czech Republic: Healthcare in the Czech Republic
Czech media: Czech media
Newspapers in the Czech Republic: Newspapers published in the Czech Republic
Internet in the Czech Republic: Internet in the Czech Republic
Crime in the Czech Republic: Crime in the Czech Republic
Corruption in the Czech Republic: Corruption in the Czech Republic
Racism in the Czech Republic: Racism in the Czech Republic
Human trafficking in the Czech Republic: Human trafficking in the Czech Republic
Judiciary and courts of the Czech Republic: Judiciary of the Czech Republic - Courts of the Czech Republic
Supreme Court of the Czech Republic: Since 1993 Supreme Court of the Czech Republic
Law enforcement in the Czech Republic: Law enforcement in the Czech Republic
Foreign relations of the Czech Republic: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
Treaties of the Czech Republic: Treaties of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic's participation in international organizations: Czech Republic's participation in international organizations
Czech Republic and the United Nations: Czech Republic and the United Nations
Czech Republic in the European Union: Czech Republic in the European Union
Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union: Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union
Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic: Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic/Austria relations: Czech Republic/Austria relations
Czech Republic/P.R of China relations: Czech Republic/P.R of China relations
Czech-Chinese trade relations:Czech Republic/P.R of China trade relations
Czech Republic/France relations: Czech Republic/France relations
Czech Republic/Germany relations: Czech Republic/Germany relations
August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic in 1941
Since 1938 Czech resistance to Nazi occupation: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
Czech Republic/Israel relations: Czech Republic/Israel relations
Czech Republic/Poland relations: Czech Republic/Poland relations
Czech Republic/Russia relations: Czech Republic/Russia relations
Czech Republic/Slovakia relations: Czech Republic/Slovakia relations
Czech Republic/Ukraine relations: Czech Republic/Ukraine relations
Ukrainians in the Czech Republic: Ukrainians in the Czech Republic
Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations
Czech Republic/USA relations: Czech Republic/USA relations
Landforms and ecoregions of the Czech Republic: Landforms of the Czech Republic - Ecoregions of the Czech Republic
Rivers of the Czech Republic: List of rivers of the Czech Republic
Natural disasters in the Czech Republic: Natural disasters in the Czech Republic
Floods in the Czech Republic: Floods in the Czech Republic
May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods
Weather events in the Czech Republic: Weather events in the Czech Republic

Denmark - Geography of Denmark - History of Denmark - Demographics of Denmark
Manufacturing companies of Denmark: Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Construction and civil engineering companies: Construction and civil engineering companies of Denmark
Electronics companies of Denmark: Electronics companies of Denmark
Energy in Denmark: Energy in Denmark
Renewable energy in Denmark: Renewable energy in Denmark
Economic history of Denmark and economic cycles: Economic history of Denmark - Income inequality in Denmark
Since 2001 Danish property bubble: Danish property bubble of 2000s
Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe: Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe - Denmark
Employment in Denmark: Employment in Denmark
Unemployment benefits in Denmark: Unemployment benefits in Denmark
Taxation and budget in Denmark: Taxation in Denmark - Budgets of Danish government
Political parties in Denmark: Political parties in Denmark
Trade unions in Denmark: Danish Confederation of Trade Unions
Elections and politics in Denmark: Elections in Denmark - Danish EU membership referendum 2011
May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark
5 October 2022 Denmark announced snap election on 1 November: 5. oktober 2022: Tirsdag den 1. november 2022 skal der afholdes valg til Folketinget
Social movements and protests in Denmark: Protests in Denmark - Social and political movements in Denmark
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Denmark: Danish society - Human rights in Denmark - Freedom of speech and freedom of the press in Denmark
Cities and towns in Denmark: Cities and towns in Denmark
Timeline of Copenhagen since 12th century: Timeline of Copenhagen since 1167, when Absalon's Castle founded
Faroese Dane: Faroese Dane
Museums in Denmark: List of museums in Denmark
Economy, history and culture of Copenhagen: Economy of Copenhagen - History of Copenhagen - Culture in Copenhagen
Youth in Denmark: Youth in Denmark
Health care in Denmark: Health care in Denmark
Crime in Denmark: Crime in Denmark
Corruption in Denmark: Corruption in Denmark
Tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark: Elements of income tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark
Human trafficking in Denmark: Human trafficking in Denmark
Law enforcement in Denmark: Law enforcement in Denmark
Courts of Denmark: Courts of Denmark
Police of Denmark: Police of Denmark
Foreign relations of Denmark: Foreign relations of Denmark
Treaties of Denmark: Treaties of Denmark
Denmark/European Union relations: European Union/Denmark relations
Denmark and the euro: Denmark and the euro
Bilateral relations of Denmark: Bilateral relations of Denmark
Denmark/Germany relations: Denmark/Germany relations
1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945
Denmark/Iran relations: Denmark/Iran relations
Denmark/Norway relations: Denmark/Norway relations
Denmark/Poland relations: Denmark/Poland relations
Denmark/Sweden relations: Denmark/Sweden relations
Denmark/Syria relations: Denmark/Syria relations
March 2015 Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation: 5 March 2015: Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation
Denmark/Ukraine relations: Denmark/Ukraine relations
Denmark/Ukraine relations: Denmark/Ukraine relations
Denmark/USA relations: Denmark/USA relations
Geography and Kingdom of Denmark: Geography of Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
Forests of Denmark: Forests of Denmark
Water in Denmark: Water in Denmark
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Denmark: Environmental issues in Denmark - Environmentalism in Denmark
Natural disasters in Denmark: Natural disasters in Denmark
Weather events in Denmark: Weather events in Denmark
Faroe Islands: Faroe Islands, politically associated with the Kingdom of Denmark, but self-governing since 1948
Ports and harbours and water transport in the Faroe Islands: Ports and harbours of the Faroe Islands - Water transport in the Faroe Islands
Demographics and society of the Faroe Islands: Demographics of the Faroe Islands - Faroese society
Education in the Faroe Islands: Education in the Faroe Islands
Health in the Faroe Islands: Health in the Faroe Islands
Political parties on the Faroe Islands: List of political parties on the Faroe Islands
Elections in the Faroe Islands: Elections in the Faroe Islands
August 2019 Faroese general election: 31 August 2019 Faroese general election
Faroese law: Faroese law
Greenland: Greenland
Geography of Greenland: Geography of Greenland
Climate of Greenland: Climate of Greenland
Greenland ice sheet and ice cap climate: Greenland ice sheet - Ice cap climate
Water in Greenland: Water in Greenland
History of Greenland: History of Greenland
Economy of Greenland: Economy of Greenland
Education in Greenland: Education in Greenland
Health in Greenland: Health in Greenland

Estonia - Geography of Estonia - History of Estonia - Demographics of Estonia
Agriculture in Estonia: Agriculture in Estonia
Forestry in Estonia: Forestry in Estonia
Taxation in Estonia: Taxation in Estonia
Political parties in Estonia: Political parties in Estonia
Trade unions in Estonia: Trade unions in Estonia
May 2019 European Parliament election in Estonia: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Estonia
Social movements and protests in Estonia: Social movements and protests in Estonia
1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement: 1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement
Society, demographics and culture of Estonia: Estonian society - Human rights in Estonia
Cities and towns in Estonia: List of cities and towns in Estonia
Economy and companies based in Tallinn: Economy and companies based in Tallinn
1219 Toompea Castle taken by forces of Valdemar II of Denmark: 1219 Toompea Castle taken by forces of Valdemar II of Denmark
Since 1916 Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn: Since 1916 Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn
1914-1919 Germany's 'Ober Ost' parallels with 1933-1945 Nazi German policy: 1914-1919 'Ober Ost' parallels with 1933-1945 Nazi German policy
1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement: 1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement
Demographics and ethnic groups of Estonia: Demographics of Estonia - Ethnic groups in Estonia
Estonians: Estonians
History of the Jews in Estonia: History of the Jews in Estonia
Russians in Estonia: Russians in Estonia
Education in Estonia: Education in Estonia
Schools in Estonia: Schools in Estonia
Universities and colleges in Estonia: Universities and colleges in Estonia
Health in Estonia: Health in Estonia
Disease outbreaks in Estonia: Disease outbreaks in Estonia
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Estonia: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Estonia
Healthcare in Estonia: Healthcare in Estonia
8 January 2021 first Moderna covid-19 vaccines due in Estonia next week: 8 January 2021: First Moderna covid-19 vaccines due in Estonia next week
Newspapers in Estonia: Newspapers in Estonia
Internet in Estonia: Internet in Estonia
Crime in Estonia: Crime in Estonia
Corruption in Estonia: Corruption in Estonia
Violence in Estonia: Violence in Estonia
Law and legal history of Estonia: Law of Estonia - Legal history of Estonia - Constitution of Estonia
Foreign relations of Estonia: Foreign relations of Estonia
Treaties of Estonia: Treaties of Estonia
Since 1991 Baltic Assembly advisory cooperation between the parliaments of the Baltic republics: Baltic Assembly advisory cooperation between the parliaments of the Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991
Bilateral relations of Estonia: Bilateral relations of Estonia
Estonia/Germany relations: Estonia/Germany relations - German occupation of Estonia during World War II 1939-1945 - The Holocaust in Estonia refers to the Nazi crimes during the occupation of Estonia by Germany
Estonia/Israel relations: Estonia/Israel relations
Estonia/Latvia relations: Estonia/Latvia relations
Estonia/Lithuania relations: Estonia/Lithuania relations
Estonia/Poland relations: Estonia/Poland relations
Estonia/Russia relations: Estonia/Russia relations
Estonia/Ukraine relations: Estonia/Ukraine relations
4 September 2020 how Estonia is helping Ukraine develop e-governance: 4 September 2020: How Estonia is helping Ukraine develop e-governance
Estonia/USA relations: Estonia/USA relations
Environmental issues of Estonia: Environmental issues of Estonia

France - Geography of France - Gaul during the Iron Age inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy, of the Netherlands and of Germany - Gallic Wars and expansion of the Roman Empire over the whole of Gaul 58–52 BC - Frankish Kingdom 481–843 during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages - History of France - Early modern France 1453–1789 - French colonial empire 1534-1980 - French Revolution 1789-1799 marking the global decline of absolute monarchies and organized religions and replacing them with democracies and republics, and Napoleon until 1815 - France in the twentieth century, post World War II period 1945-present - Demographics of France
Car manufacturers of France: Car manufacturers of France
French bicycle industry: French bicycle industry
Shipbuilding companies of France: Shipbuilding companies of France
Tractor manufacturers of France: Tractor manufacturers of France
Chemical companies of France: Chemical companies of France
Clothing companies of France: Clothing companies of France
Energy and energy companies of France: Energy in France - Energy companies of France
Fossil fuels and oil companies of France: Fossil fuels in France - Oil companies of France
November 2011 France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors: 17 November 2011: France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors
Water pollution in France: Water pollution in France
Transport in France by city: Transport in France by city - Transport in Paris
Foreign trade of France: Foreign trade of France
Banking in France: Banking in France
Since 2010 Bank of France controversy: Since 2010 Bank of France controversy
Since 2010 BNP Paribas controversies: BNP Paribas controversies since 2010
Since 2006 Crédit Agricole controversies: Crédit Agricole controversies since 2006
Since the early 1990s Société Générale controversies: Société Générale controversies since the early 1990s
Since 2010 Groupe BPCE controversy: Groupe BPCE controversy since 2010
Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy: Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy
Late 2000s recession in Europe and France: Late 2000s recession in Europe: France
Chômage en France: Chômage en France
Inégalités de revenu en France: Inégalités de revenu en France
Poverty in France: Poverty in France
French Armed Forces: French Armed Forces
World War I weapons and chemical warfare: November 2013: 'The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army' analysis shows contrary to the existing historiography, that the French army aggressively adapted to, and engaged in, chemical warfare in the 20th century - 3 July 2016: The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon due to its toxic properties occurred in the year 256 BC, during the siege of the Persian city Dura Europos in modern Syria, where they used a mixture of tar and sulfur to produce sulfur oxides and thus take control of the city, as France in August 1914 in German empire's World War I launched bromine ethyl acetate tear gas grenades, as the Germans, aware of the allies’ interests in developing chemical weapons, also did the same by strongly developing their chemical industry (especially the dye industry), achieving an ideal situation for offensive chemical development, after French police in 1912 employed Ethyl bromoacetate against people
Since 1954 nuclear weapons program of France and tests abroad: Nuclear weapons program of France - List of nuclear weapons tests of France
1960-1996 French weapons of mass destruction testing centers abroad: French weapons Saharan experiments centres (1960–66), Pacific experiments centre (1966–1996)
Military budget in France: Military budget
Intelligence agencies of France: List of intelligence agencies of France
Taxation and budget in France: Taxation in France - Budget of France
June 1960 amendment concerning French colonies in Africa and French pressure: 4 June 1960 adopted amendment to the constitution concerning the independence of 'African Member States of the French Community' - 1960 independance of 13 African countries from France during the 'Year of Africa', as France exerted pressure to remain within the French sphere of influence, particularly in economic terms, and French companies thus accepted arrangements, because they would remain well-positioned to profit from the newly independent countries - 1960 is referred to as the 'Year of Africa' because of a series of events that took place during the year, mainly the independence of 17 African nations, that highlighted the growing Pan-African sentiments in the continent, a culmination of African independence movements and the subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force in the UN
Political parties in France: Political parties of France
Socialist Party: Socialist Party
Trade unions in France: Trade unions in France
Parliament of France: French Parliament
Government of France: Government of France
Elections and politics in France: Elections in France
Élections cantonales mars 2011: Élections cantonales mars 2011
September 2011 French left captures senate in setback for Sarkozy: Élections sénatoriales septembre 2011 - 25 September: French left captures senate in setback for Sarkozy
Élection présidentielle francaise 22 avril/6 mai 2012: Élection présidentielle francaise avril/mai 2012 - Juin 2011: Martine Aubry annonce sa candidature pour la présidentielle 2012 - History of the 'Left' in France: Affaire Dominique Strauss-Kahn - 29. August 2011: Frankreich Sozialisten im Zeichen verschärfter Rivalität - vgl. Artikel dieser Website und darin den Abschnitt über die aktuelle Krise der europäischen Sozialdemokratie 2009 - 10 October: French Socialists face presidential primary run-off - 17. Oktober 2011: Frankreichs Sozialisten mit Kandidatur Hollandes ohne Zeichen der Erneuerung - 23 April: Nicolas Sarkozy won only 27.1% of the vote, while his socialist rival Francois Hollande took 28.6% - 3. Mai: François Bayrou nennt Sarkozy's Politik in Einwanderungsfragen 'obsessiv' und spricht sich für Hollande aus - 7 May: François Hollande wins France’s presidential election claiming around 51.67% of the runoff vote - 17 May: Cabinet Ayrault takes power in France - 17 May: New French government to hand itself a pay cut
January-May 2016: 27 January 2016: French minister Christiane Taubira resigns after fallout over controversial plan to strip people convicted of terrorism of their French citizenship - 1 février 2016: Christiane Taubira n'a pas abandonné le débat sur la déchéance de nationalité pour autant et va publier un livre-réquisitoire - 10 February 2016: French MPs vote in favour of in 2012 elected president Hollande’s heavily contested package of measures to change the French constitution enshrining 'emergency powers' - 10/11 February: French FM Fabius steps down questioning the USA’s commitment to resolving the crisis in Syria, saying its 'ambiguous' policy was contributing to the problem, as Hollande brings Greens and former PM Ayrault to government in cabinet reshuffle - 4 mai 2016: François Hollande à son plus bas niveau historique
June 2017 French legislative election: 11 and 18 June 2017 French legislative election - 12 June 2017: Amid concerns over low turnout of just 48.71%, 'La République En Marche' party and its allies take 32,32% of vote in first round, ahead of 'Les Républicains' and its allies on 21.56%, the anti-EU 'Front National' on 13.20%, followed by 'La France Insoumise' and its allies on 11,02%, the 'Socialist party', that took just 9.51% of the vote with its allies, and 'Europe Écologie Les Verts' on 4.3% - 18/19 June 2017: Tempered by a record low turnout of 42.64% and as abstention particularly high in low-income areas reopens the debate about France’s social divide, the French voting system and legitimacy, Macron’s party and its ally has won a large majority in the French parliament, taking 350 out of 577 seats, handing him a relatively free rein to implement his plans to change French labour law and overhaul unemployment benefits and pensions
Since 18 July 2018 Benalla-Macron affair: Since 18 July 2018 Benalla affair, a political and judicial case involving Alexandre Benalla, who served as a security officer and deputy chief of staff to Emmanuel Macron - 19 July 2018: France’s public prosecutor has opened a preliminary inquiry after Benalla, one of Emmanuel Macron’s top security officers, was filmed hitting and stamping on a young man at the edge of a Paris demonstration on 1 May while illegally dressed as a police officer, as it emerged that Benalla had continued to take part in other high-profile presidential security operations and MPs suggest there had been a cover up - 20 July 2018: French politicians insisted on a parliament inquiry into how Macron's security officials could have appeared wearing a police armband and visor, committing violence among real police officers without being stopped, as second bodyguard Vincent Crase who worked for Macron also featured wearing a police armband, violently dragging, shaking and raising his hand against young man - 23 July 2018: Macron under pressure to say why aide's brutality went unreported - 25 July 2018: Saying 'Alexandre Benalla has never had the nuclear codes, ... neither has Alexandre Benalla ever been my lover', Emmanuel Macron - after keeping Benalla’s assaults quiet for more than two months - wants to take the blame over Benalla scandal, caused by hate against the national and international labour movement
December 2018: 2 December 2018: French government to hold emergency meeting after central Paris saw its worst unrest in a decade on Saturday afternoon as masked protesters fought running battles with police, set fire to cars, banks and houses and burned makeshift barricades on the edges of demonstrations against rising fuel taxes and living costs, as peaceful protestors complained that the use of teargas had begun very early in the morning, and as Alexandre Benalla's foster-father Macron said he would 'never accept violence' - 4 December 2018: French government reportedly 'to suspend fuel tax increase' following protests - 10 December 2018: In a long-awaited address on television, Macron tried to talk the protesters out of further action, promising a rise in the minimum wage and tax concessions, saying he had heard and understood protesters’ anger and indignation, which he said was 'deep and in many ways legitimate' - 11 December 2018: Macron’s appeal to French from behind gold desk reportedly leaves 'gilets jaunes' protesters unimpressed, as a record 23 million people tuned in - 16 décembre 2018: L'ex-collaborateur déchu de l'Élysée Alexandre Benalla a de nouveau été mis en examen le 29 novembre pour des violences commises en marge du défilé du 1er mai à Paris - 16 décembre 2018: Le premier ministre Philippe a concédé que l'Exécutif n'avait 'pas assez écouté les Français' et 'fait des erreurs' dans la gestion de la gestion de la crise des 'gilets jaunes'
February 2019: 1 février 2019: 'Nous sommes un peuple violent, depuis des siècles et des siècles. La France n'est pas la Suisse', s'exprime Macron dans une 'discussion au coin du feu' - 1 février 2019: Le Conseil d'Etat français est resté sourd aux demandes de la Ligue des droits de l'homme contre les violences policières et l'usage du LBD à l'origine de nombreuses blessures graves, utilisée plus de 9200 fois depuis le début du mouvement de contestation sociale - 10 février 2019: Une enquête judiciaire a été ouverte après qu'un manifestant a eu la main déchiquetée par une grenade samedi à Paris - 20 February 2019: A French senate committee has recommend prosecuting Alexandre Benalla, the former security aide of the French president Macron, for perjury following a seven-month investigation into his violent conduct during a street protest
May 2019 European Parliament election in France: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in France
August 2019 victims of 1982 anti-Semitic attack demand parliamentary inquiry: 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists, following the August 1982 bombing and shooting attack by the Abu Nidal Organization - Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity
2 September 2019 France canvasses Iranian regime: 2 September 2019: Once again France hosts Iranian regime officials, presenting offers including a $15 billion credit line for oil 'pre-purchases' to threatening Iranian regime, also praising terror group Hezbollah's Sunday missile attack on IDF targets, as regime's diplomats travel to France and Russia to reinforce regime's Friday deadline for Europe to offer it a way to sell its crude oil on the global market, and as Yad Vashem marks 80th anniversary of start of World War II with online exhibit, describing the progression of the war and exploring the lives of Europe’s Jewish communities with many unable to comprehend the impending horror the war would bring, following European and American retreat in the face of getting stronger nazism and fascism
8 December 2019 pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests: 8 December 2019: France pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests
5 January 2020 French allied pro-Haftar airstrike kills at least 28 young people and leaves dozens injured in Tripoli: 5 janvier 2020: Au moment de la frappe contre l'école militaire de Tripoli à al-Hadba al-Khadra, un secteur résidentiel peuplé dans la capitale libyenne, qui a tué 28 cadets et blessé des dizaines d'autres, les jeunes hommes effectuaient leur dernier rassemblement de la journée dans la cour principale avant de regagner leurs dortoirs, après la mission de l’ONU en Libye, à plusieurs reprises, a demandé que les secteurs civils soient épargnés par les frappes qui 'pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre' - 5 January 2020: Deadly airstrike on young people in Tripolis occurred after ambulance service appealed for a temporary ceasefire to allow its crews to retrieve the bodies of five civilians killed on As Sidra Road in southern Tripoli and to evacuate families, coming under fire after their appeal
17 March 2020 Macron declares in a speech to the nation 'We are at war': 16/17 March 2020: After inviting and hosting war criminal Putin in France in August 2019, after hosting Chinese regime's Xi Jinping in France in March 2019, after inviting murderous Iranian regime's Zarif to France in August 2019, after supporting Libyan warlord Haftar murdering innocent civilians, desperate refugees, women and children since April 2019, after saying in 2019 'nous sommes un peuple violent', France's drama student Macron declared in a speech to the nation 'We are at war' against ... coronavirus, tightening restrictions on freedom of movement, suspending economic reforms and delaying the second round of local elections in the fight against Chinese coronavirus, banning his French fellow citizens insulted as violent from making anything other than essential outings from their homes on pain of punishment for at least two weeks - 17 mars 2020: Macron déclare la 'guerre' au coronavirus et restreint fortement les déplacements des Français - Les États font la guerre aux autres États, pas aux individus ni aux familles qui les composent, le mot la 'guerre' est définie comme un acte de politique étrangère ou défensif, et vient du francique 'werra', vieux haut allemand werra 'confusion, querelle, lutte', en anglais 'war' vient du normand werre, variante de 'guerre', meaning 'to confuse', 'to bring into confusion'
9 June 2020 France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality: 9 June 2020: France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality
29 November 2020 'unacceptable' injury of Syrian photojournalist Alhalbi during Paris protest against police brutality: 29 November 2020: Press freedom group has denounced the 'unacceptable' injury of award-winning Syrian photojournalist Ameer Alhalbi during a Paris protest against police brutality, as the freelance photographer who worked for Polka Magazine and AFP was covering the demonstrations against police violence and the government’s new law restricting the sharing of images of officers over the weekend when he was injured at the end of the tenth year of Assad's, Putin's and Khamenei's war against the Syrian people - 29 novembre 2020: L’Agence France-Presse AFP a réclamé dimanche une enquête de police après que l’un de ses collaborateurs, le photographe syrien Ameer al-Halbi, qui a été primé à plusieurs reprises pour ses photos de la guerre en Syrie pour le compte de l’AFP, a été blessé samedi durant la manifestation contre le texte de loi 'sécurité globale' et des violences policières samedi à Paris
23 June 2023 governments at Paris summit to finalise climate finance roadmap before the UN Cop28 climate summit this November: 23 June 2023: Paris climate finance summit fails to deliver debt forgiveness plan, as countries in debt distress thrown financial lifeline but critics say measures fall short of what is needed - 23 June 2023: Paris finance reforms could untie poor countries’ hands in climate crisis and changes to the World Bank could unlock developing states access to loans and to the means of staving off disaster, as many poor countries enjoy vast natural resources of wind and sun yet struggle to access renewable energy because of the crippling cost of capital imposed on them. Private sector companies perceive far greater risk in poor countries, penalising most heavily the countries in greatest need of investment, as Barbados' PM Mia Mottley - calling to rewrite the rules of global development banks and relieve the debts of lower-income countries to increase funding for climate adaptation projects - and World Bank's Ajay Banga yesterday came on stage at a 'Power our Planet' event in Paris.
29 juin 2023: l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire: 29 juin 2023: Après la disparition du jeune Nahel, l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire
30 June 2023 Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home; policing unions criticised over inflammatory language: 30 June 2023: Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home; policing unions criticised over inflammatory language, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
Social movements and protests in France: Protests in France - Political movements in France
2013: 5 janvier 2013: Lors d'une rencontre avec une délégation des salariés de Petroplus à Val-de-Reuil (Eure), Hollande a exclu une reprise du site par les pouvoirs publics - 25 March 2013: Paris police used tear gas and batons to fight hundreds of thousands of people protesting against a draft law allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children - 5 mai: Grande manifestation anti-austérité du Parti de Gauche à Paris - 6 June: Protests held in France after left-wing student Clement Meric beaten to death by a group of far-right militants - 10 septembre: Entre 155 000 et 360 000 personnes ont participé aux quelque 180 rassemblements organisés en France pour protester contre la première réforme des retraites - 17 October: Paris students protest against the deportation of foreign pupils following the high-profile eviction of a 15-year-old Roma girl - 1 décembre: Face aux récentes attaques contre la ministre Christiane Taubira, plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblées à Paris pour dire non à toutes formes de discrimination - 3 décembre: Soirée contre la haine au Théâtre du Rond-Point à Paris
2015: 9 January: Thousands of people took to the streets in France and other countries again Thursday to condemn the killing of 12 people by terrorists at Paris-based satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo - 11 January: As police hunt suspected accomplice more than 700,000 people took to the streets of France in solidarity with terror victims ahead of Paris march - 11 January: An estimated 3.7 million people across France march in solidarity with terror victims, all ages, nations and religions showing their support for the Republic's 'liberté, égalité, fraternité' - 2 March: As Russians march in mourning for murdered opposition leader Nemtsov in Moscow, in Paris about 100 people gathered to remember Nemtsov, asking for an international investigation to be opened and carrying posters reading 'I am Boris' - 24 May 2015: About 3,000 protesters gathered in Paris to protest against the USA biotechnology giant Monsanto and its genetically modified crops and pesticides - 5 septembre: Plus de 10000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi dans toute la France, et notamment à Paris, pour l’accueil des réfugiés - 19 October 2015: Thousands of people demonstrated in the capitals of France, Spain and Italy on Sunday in solidarity with Israel, as the wave of violence in Israel and the Palestinian territories continued unabated - 22 novembre 2015: Plus de 10.000 manifestants 'contre la barbarie' à Toulouse, une semaine après les attentats de Paris - 2 December 2015: A court in Paris fines a woman €1,000 for refusing to have her fingerprints taken at a rally where clashes erupted between protesters and security forces ahead of 2015 UN climate summit
2016: 26 January 2016: Day of protest as taxi drivers, teachers, farmers and air traffic controllers among employees taking industrial action across France - 27 February: Angry French farmers heckle Hollande at agricultural fair amid rising tensions in agricultural sphere over competition from big industry and neighbouring countries in Europe's single market - 9 March 2016: French students take to the streets to protest far-reaching labour-law reforms as labour unions pledge to hold about 150 marches and protests nationwide - 24 mars 2016: Les manifestations contre le projet de loi travail, présenté en Conseil des ministres, ont rassemblé jeudi plusieurs milliers de jeunes et salariés à Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Grenoble ou encore Besançon, à l'appel de sept syndicats et organisations de jeunes, une vidéo montrant un policier frappant un jeune fait le buzz - 31 March 2016: Hundreds of thousands of workers and high-school students joined protest marches across France to challenge plans to loosen the country's protective labour laws that unions say favour businesses
January/February 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 18 février 2017: 4000 à 5000 personnes selon les organisateurs, se sont réunies samedi à Paris à l'appel notamment d'associations antiracistes et de syndicats, pour protester contre les violences policières après le viol à la matraque présumé d'un jeune noir, Théo, au cours d'une interpellation - 19 février 2017: Des manifestations contre la 'corruption' en politique se sont déroulées dimanche à Paris et ailleurs en France, une première depuis les accusations d'emplois fictifs visant le candidat de droite à la présidentielle François Fillon et la candidate d'extrême droite Marine Le Pen
December 2018: 3 décembre 2018: Une vieille dame, qui a été atteinte par une grenade lacrymogène tirée lors des manifestations des 'gilets jaunes' à Marseille, est morte à l'hôpital - 7 December 2018: French high school students in Paris made to kneel with hands on heads by police, as protests at nearly 300 schools against stricter university entrance requirements have added to recent unrest - 8 December 2018: Over 350 detained and police accused to use teargas against protesters, as Paris braces for ‘yellow vest’ protest violence, and tens of thousands of police took position around France, fearing worsening violence in a new round of anti-government protests - 9 December 2018: 'Protesters' faced off with French riot police in Paris, hurling projectiles, torching cars, vandalising shops, restaurants and newsstands, also damaging a social movement which stands up for an increase to the minimum wage, lower taxes, higher salaries, cheaper energy, better retirement benefits and help for hard-pressed households, certainly without ability to replace torched cars - 9 December 2018: Uniting green and yellow vest protesters, people took to the streets in Paris on Saturday to demand that global leaders take action on climate change
January 2019: 5 janvier 2019: Les 'gilets jaunes' continuent la mobilisation dans plusieurs villes de France, pour défier le gouvernement - 6 janvier 2019: Lors des rassemblements des 'gilets jaunes' à Toulon, un officier de police a été filmé en train de frapper plusieurs personnes, pour le procureur de la République c'était un acte 'proportionnel' - 6 janvier 2019: Des centaines de femmes 'gilets jaunes' se sont rassemblées dimanche dans plusieurs villes, souhaitant donner une image pacifique du mouvement au lendemain d'une mobilisation nationale aussi marquée à la fin par de nouvelles violences - 11 janvier 2019: Manifestation des 'gilets jaunes' interdite à Bourges - 12 janvier 2019: Des dizaines de milliers de 'gilets jaunes' sont de nouveau attendus samedi partout en France contre la politique sociale et fiscale du gouvernement - 12 January 2019: Police use water cannon and teargas on Paris protesters, as at least 84,000 demonstrators turned out across France, according to officials, and as in Bourges, a town of 66,000 people (chosen because of its central location) about 6,700 gilets jaunes gathered despite a ban on protests in its historical centre
March 2019: 16 March 2019: An 18th weekend of gilets jaunes protests erupted once more into violence and looting as masked demonstrators smashed their way into luxury stores on the Champs-Élysées, first and foremost damaging a movement allegedly aiming to improve living conditions, following the worldwide practice of inciting agents (agent provocateur) since centuries - 18 mars 2019: Sous le feu des critiques, le président Macron et son gouvernement envisagent de nouvelles mesures sécuritaires, après la manif des 'gilets jaunes' samedi - 23 March 2019: Police and demonstrators clashed sporadically in Paris and other French cities as gilets jaunes protests against president Macron’s government were largely peaceful, but turned violent in the late afternoon in Paris - 24 March 2019: Relatives of a 73-year-old gilets jaunes protester who was seriously injured when French riot police pushed back demonstrators in Nice on Saturday are to file an official complaint for 'wilful violence'
3 June 2020 Paris protest against racism and police violence: 3 June 2020: Clashes at Paris protest against racism and police violence
18 June 2020 health workers protest in France: 18 June 2020: Health workers protest in France
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in France: French society
1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'
Since 1930/1931 and since 1945 French use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture in Vietnam since 1930 and during its Indochina War since 1945
Economy and transport in Le Havre: Economy and transport in Le Havre
Timeline of Le Havre: Timeline of Le Havre
1516 Harbour construction begins: 1516 Harbour construction begins
Since 1847 Le Havre station: Since 1847 Le Havre station
Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945: Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945
Le Havre after 1945: Le Havre after 1945
Economy and transport in Rouen: Transport in Rouen
Education in Rouen: Education in Rouen
Timeline of Rouen: Timeline of Rouen
History of Rouen in the Middle Ages: History of Rouen in the Middle Ages
Since 1966 University of Rouen: Since 1966 University of Rouen
Timeline of Caen: Timeline of Caen
912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy: 912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy
Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy: Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy
Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen: Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen
Since 1857 Caen station: Since 1857 Caen station
Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg: Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg
Timeline of Cherbourg: History and timeline of Cherbourg
Cherbourg in the Middle Ages: Cherbourg in the Middle Ages
20th century Cherbourg and German empire's World War I 1914-1918: Cherbourg in the early 20th century and German empire's World War I 1914-1918
Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century: Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century
Economy and tourism of Lisieux: Économie et tourisme de Lisieux en Normandie
Timeline and history of Lisieux: Histoire et chronologie de la ville de Lisieux
June-August 1944 liberation of Lisieux by allied forces against opposing NSDAP-forces, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Juin-août 1944 la prise de Lisieux était un enjeu stratégique pour les Alliés après le débarquement de Normandie, car la ville était un nœud ferroviaire et routier important, permettant à la fois de rejoindre Caen, Deauville, Le Havre, Paris et Alençon, cependant Lisieux ne fut libéré que le 23 août 1944 par les troupes britanniques - Bilan humain des bombardements de Lisieux qui font plus de 800 victimes, soit environ 5% de la population de l'époque - Avant 1944, Lisieux était surnommée la 'capitale du bois sculpté', car ses rues étroites étaient bordées de maisons médiévales à pans de bois sculptés en encorbellement et aux façades ouvragées, abritant des commerces centenaires, mais après la bataille du 'GFM Erwin Rommel' - héroïquement - environ 75% des bâtiments de la ville sont directement détruits par les bombardements, ou sont tellement endommagés qu'ils sont rasés après-guerre
January 1944 - May 1949 NSDAP-led military and mass murder, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Anfang Januar 1944 übernahm Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel das Kommando über alle deutschen Truppen nördlich der Loire, zwischen ihm und Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt kam es nach wie vor bloß zu Meinungsverschiedenheiten hinsichtlich der Frage, wo die alliierte Invasion stattfinden und wie man sie am effektivsten bekämpfen könnte, im März 1944 unterzeichnete GFM Rommel eine Loyalitätserklärung gegenüber Hitler, im Juni 1944, nach der D-Day Landung der Allierten am 6. Juni machte GFM Rommel, vom Geburtstag seiner Frau in Süddeutschland zurückkehrend, am 15. Juli deutlich, dass er einen Sieg der deutschen Truppen für unwahrscheinlich hielt, 'die Truppe kämpft allerorts heldenmütig, jedoch der ungleiche Kampf neigt dem Ende entgegen', mit anderen Worten (in menschliche Sprache übersetzt) der Massenmord befehligt und das heißt auch ausgeführt von deutschen Generalen kann noch und soll noch weitergehen, bis es vielleicht dem einen oder anderen militärisch versierten General and Massenmörder gelingt sich davonzustehlen, damit ihn die EU 2021 als Widerstandskämpfer präsentieren kann - Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt am 10.10.1941: 'Deshalb muß der Soldat für die Notwendigkeit der harten, aber gerechten Sühne am jüdischen Untermenschentum volles Verständnis haben', 'das wesentlichste Ziel des Feldzuges gegen das jüdischbolschewistische System ist die völlige Zerschlagung der Machtmittel und die Ausrottung des asiatischen Einflusses im europäischen Kulturkreis', 'hierdurch entstehen auch für die Truppe Aufgaben, die über das hergebrachte einseitige Soldatentum hinausgehen', 'der Soldat ist im Ostraum nicht nur ein Kämpfer nach den Regeln der Kriegskunst, sondern auch Träger einer unerbittlichen völkischen Idee', am 12.10.1941: 'in den rückwärtigen Gebieten ist die noch vielfach anzutreffende Sorglosigkeit und Weichheit nach dem eigentlichen Kampf nicht tragbar', und im Mai 1949: GFM Rundstedts Herzerkrankung bewog die Briten ihn 1949 aus der Gefangenschaft zu entlassen
History and timeline of 'Lyons-la-Forêt' since 936: 936 Première mention d'une résidence ducale à Lyons
1916-1922 French musician (and soldier) Maurice Ravel in 'Lyons-la-Forêt', beginning in Germany's WWI: Séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt du compositeur français Maurice Ravel, et des correspondances liées à ses séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt en août 1916 durant une courte permission alors qu'il était engagé comme soldat, de juin à septembre 1917, en septembre 1920 et d'août à septembre 1922 - La Première Guerre mondiale du 28 juillet 1914 au 11 novembre 1918 des Empires centraux l'Allemagne et l'Autriche-Hongrie, surprit Ravel en pleine composition. Dès le début du conflit, le compositeur chercha à s'engager mais, déjà exempté de service militaire en 1895 en raison de sa faible constitution (1,61 m) il fut refusé pour être 'trop léger de deux kilos'. Dès lors, l’inaction devint une torture pour Ravel. À force de démarches pour être incorporé dans l'aviation c'est finalement comme conducteur d'un camion militaire qu'il surnomma 'Adélaïde' qu'il fut envoyé près de Verdun en mars 1916. Depuis le front, tandis que plusieurs musiciens de l'arrière tombaient dans les travers du nationalisme. Plus tard, en 1917, Ravel acheva six pièces pour piano regroupées sous le titre 'Le Tombeau de Couperin' qu’il dédia à des amis tombés au front. Durement touché par ces épreuves accumulées, le musicien resta insensible aux échos de l'armistice et traversa alors une période de silence et de doute que vinrent interrompre en 1919 deux commandes cruciales, l'une de Diaghilev (La Valse) - Ravel y défigura sciemment la valse viennoise en dépeignant un 'tourbillon fantastique et fatal', évocation musicale de l'anéantissement par la guerre de la civilisation européenne qu'incarnaient les valses de Johann Strauss -, l'autre de Rouché (L'Enfant et les Sortilèges). C'était l’orchestration des célèbres 'Tableaux d'une exposition' de Moussorgski, commande de Serge Koussevitzky achevée en 1922 à Lyons-la-Forêt chez son ami Roland-Manuel, qui assit définitivement la réputation internationale de Ravel en la matière. Les Tableaux orchestrés par Ravel font partie, avec le Boléro, des œuvres françaises les plus représentées à l’étranger. - Villa 'Le Fresne' à 'Lyons-la-Forêt' où Ravel acheva la composition du 'Tombeau de Couperin' en 1917 et l'orchestration des 'Tableaux d'une Exposition' de Moussorgsky en 1922, le compositeur honoré familier de Lyons et sa fôret
Politics and regional council of the Hauts-de-France: Regional Council of the Hauts-de-France
June 2021 regional council of the Hauts-de-France elections: 13 et 20 juin 2021 élections régionales de 2021 dans les Hauts-de-France, partis et candidats
Economy of Lille: Economy of Lille
Timeline of Lille since 13th century: Timeline of Lille since 13th century
Since 1236 Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille: Since 1236 Hospice Comtesse or Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille
Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945: Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945
1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS: 1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS, life under the occupation
Timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages: History and timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages
Since early 'modern' ages wars targeting St. Quentin: Wars targeting St. Quentin, including the Battle of St. Quentin (1557), Savoy-Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars, Battle of St. Quentin (1871), during the Franco-Prussian War, Battle of St. Quentin (1914), also known as the Battle of Guise, between French and invading German empire's forces, Battle of St. Quentin (1918), part of the 'German Spring Offensive' Operation Michael, Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, attack at Mont St. Quentin near Péronne by the Australian Corps in August 1918, Battle of the Canal du Nord September 1918, Battle of St Quentin Canal, attack by the British Fourth Army on the Hindenburg Line in September-October 1918, ahead of German empire's defeat in November 1918, bringing the unteachable brutal empire after silencing the opposition to the even more cruel World War II
Amiens city: Amiens city and commune in northern France, located 120km north of Paris and 100km south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France. In 2021, the population of Amiens was 135,429 citizens. A central landmark of the city is Amiens Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in France. The town was fought over during both German empire's World Wars, suffering significant damage, and was repeatedly occupied by both sides. The 1918 Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Hundred Days Offensive which directly led to the Armistice with Germany. The Royal Air Force heavily bombed the town during the Second World War, the invasion and German occupation also of France since 1940. In the aftermath, the city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau's plans with wider streets to ease traffic congestion
20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city: 20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city
Employment in the Île-de-France region: Employment in the Île-de-France region, as in 2018 just 7.2% of employees in the Region were engaged in industry, 62.3% were engaged in commerce and market services, 25.5% in non-market services, including government, health and education, 4.8% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture, as the largest non-government employers in the Region in 2015 were the airline Air France (40,657), French Railways SNCF (31,955), the telecom firm Orange S.A. (31,497), the bank Société Générale (27,361), the automotive firm Groupe PSA (19,648), EDF Electricité de France EDF (18,199), and Renault (18,136), while - after the 'Petite Couronne' (departments closest to Paris) previously employed the most industrial workers - the largest number is now in the 'Grande Couronne' of the Republic's capital, the outer departments
Paris city, Paris Metropolitan Area and Île-de-France: Paris city, capital and most populous city of France - Paris Metropolitan Area - History of Paris
Timeline of Paris: Timeline of Paris
58–50BC Parisii started burning down their own towns assaulted by the brutal 'Roman empire' and conquest: 58–50BC during the Roman empire's military campaigns against numerous Gallic tribes, when the Romans under Caesar entered Parisii's territory, the assaulted Parisii started burning down their own towns for they were willing to give up these possessions rather than have them taken by the brutal Romans, and in 52 BC, in concert with the Suessiones, the Parisii participated in the general rising of Vercingetorix against Caesar's imperial forces - 52BC Battle of 'Lutetia', a battle on the plain of Grenelle in what is now Paris between Roman empire forces and an anti-Roman Gallic coalition during the so-called Gallic Wars, ending with a Roman victory - September 52BC siege and battle of Alesia, a military conquest engagement by the Roman empire around the Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement) of Mandubii tribe's Alesia, against a defensive confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni, the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans, destroying the Gallic land and establishing Roman dominance in Gaul for the next 500 years, then continued by a defeated people forced to speak the brutal conqueror's language, establishing a military history of France including conquests, slavery and a 'French empire'
Since 1970s terrorist attacks and 15 July 1983 Orly Airport Armenian bombing: 14 November 2015: The 1970s saw a series of bombing and shooting attacks, mainly in Paris, linked to crises in the Middle East, as they continued into the 1980s, including a deadly bombing of Orly Airport by an Armenian Secret Army in which eight people died, and as Islamist-linked attacks began in earnest in that decade, with 5 bombings attributed to the Lebanese Shi'ite Muslim militant group Hezbollah - 15 July 1983 Orly Airport bombing of a Turkish Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport in Paris, by the Armenian terrorist organization ASALA as part of its campaign for the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian Genocide, as 3 people were killed immediately in the blast and another 5 died in hospital, 4 of the victims were French, 2 were Turkish, one was Greek-American, and one was Swedish, as the death toll made the Orly bombing the bloodiest attack in France since the end of the Algerian War in 1962
29 May 2017 new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin in the Palace of Versailles: 29 May 2017 in the Palace of Versailles, new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin
March 2018 protest against the stabbing of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll: 27 March 2018: Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo, actitivsts and politicians call for all the city's residents to march Wednesday in memory of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death in an apparent anti-Semitic attack, as politicians across the political spectrum pledge to attend - 28 March 2018: Several thousand people took part in a silent march in Paris on Wednesday and in other large French cities including Lyon, Marseille and Strasbourg in memory of Mireille Knoll who survived the Holocaust but was stabbed to death last week, in what is being investigated as an antisemitic attack, raising questions about France’s failure to tackle resurgent antisemitism after in 2017 Orthodox Jewish Sarah Halimi was beaten and thrown out of the window of her home in Paris
Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area and Grand Paris: Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area, a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris and its surrounding suburbs - Since 2016 Métropole du Grand Paris, an administrative structure for cooperation covering the City of Paris and its nearest surrounding suburbs, comprising 131 communes, including the City of Paris, all 123 communes in the surrounding inner-suburban departments of the Petite Couronne (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in two of the outer-suburban departments, including the communes of Argenteuil in Val-d'Oise, and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, the latter of which covers part of Orly Airport, as Grand Paris today covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 7 million citizens
131 communes of Grand Paris: 131 communes of Grand Paris in 2021
Val-de-Marne department: Val-de-Marne department named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region southeast of the city of Paris and in the Grand Paris - Marne river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris and 514 kilometres long - The Marne in European history, navigable as a free-flowing river until the 19th century, as canalisation was started in 1837 and 1867 including a number of canals to bypass the most extravagant meanders, and as in German empire's aggression since July/August 1914 and Central Powers World War I 1914-1918 the Marne was the scene of two notable battles, including the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914 as the military governor of Paris Joseph Gallieni took the initiative in driving the Germans back from the capital, rendering their war-plan inoperative but without bringing the Social Democratic Party of Germany led by Ebert to change its misanthropic policy, as in the Second Battle of the Marne July-August 1918 the last major German offensive on the Western Front was defeated by an Allied counter-attack, leading eventually to the Armistice in November, in Germany to an uprising against German warmongers - including the emperor and Ebert - followed by the murder of scientists and peace fighters, continuing more and more organized by the NSDAP until World War II and renewed German empire's war crimes by perpetrators partially already active in World War I, including 'Oberleutnant' E. Wagner in World War I, 'quartermaster-general' in World War II, and Erwin Rommel, highly decorated officer in World War I including for the use of chemical weapons, later 'field marshal' in the armed forces of NSDAP ruled German empire during World War II, even returning to countries (France, Italy) of former German crime scenes
Politics of Val-de-Marne department: Politics of Val-de-Marne department
Art in Vincennes: Art and Vincennes porcelain
Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt: Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt
Timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages: History and timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages


Collectivité européenne d'Alsace: Collectivité européenne d'Alsace, une collectivité territoriale française, qui voit le jour le 1er janvier 2021. Elle résulte de la fusion des collectivités départementales du Bas-Rhin et du Haut-Rhin. Les deux départements continuent cependant à exister en tant que circonscriptions administratives de l'État. Cette nouvelle collectivité dispose des compétences des départements mais aussi de compétences particulières, notamment en matière de coopération transfrontalière, de bilinguisme, de transports et d'organismes professionnels. Correspondant géographiquement à l'ancienne région Alsace, elle continue à faire partie de la région Grand Est. Située dans le Nord-Est de la France, la collectivité européenne d'Alsace est frontalière avec l'Allemagne et la Suisse. Elle est bordée à l'est par le Rhin, à l'ouest par le massif des Vosges et au sud par le massif du Jura. Sa plus grande ville est Strasbourg, capitale européenne, qui est également la préfecture du Bas-Rhin et le chef-lieu de la région Grand Est. La préfecture du Haut-Rhin est située à Colmar, bien que la plus grande ville de Haute-Alsace soit Mulhouse.
17th-20th century history of Obernai's Jewish community: Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinde vom 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert in Obernai
Tours city: Tours city in north-central France located on the river Loire, one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France, and is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 citizens in 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973 inhabitants. Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast, possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre, and is also known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. The city keeps a historical center registered in the UNESCO, and is home to the Vieux-Tours, a patrimonial site. The garden city has a green heritage and an urban landscape strongly influenced by its natural space. The historic city that is nicknamed 'Le Petit Paris' and its region by its history and culture has always been a land of birth or host to many personalities, international sporting events, and is a university city with more than 30,000 students in 2019.
7 May 2023 modern humans needed three tries to colonise Europe, according to research of Rhone valley caves: 7 May 2023: It took three separate waves of modern humans to colonise Europe between 54,000 and 42,000 years ago. That is the key conclusion of scientists who have been studying caves in the Rhone valley where they have discovered evidence that Homo sapiens had to make a trio of determined attempts to head westwards and northwards from western Asia before they could establish themselves in the continent. 'The first two of these waves failed but the third succeeded around 42,000 years ago', said Ludovic Slimak of the University of Toulouse, who is leading the excavations in France. 'After that, modern humans took over in Europe. The Neanderthals, who had evolved on the continent, died out.'
Politics and regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: Politics and since 2015/2016 regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Economy of Lyon: Economy of Lyon
1900-1944 in Lyon: 1900-1944 in Lyon
Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis: Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis
History of Annecy: History of Annecy
Timeline of Grenoble: Timeline of Grenoble since 43 BCE
Economy of Vichy: Economy of Vichy
Since June 1940 Vichy France and the survival of the French colonial empire: Since June 1940 Vichy France, seat of the French State and then the pro-German collaborationist government, as the zone not occupied by the Germans took the name of the French State, set up its capital in Vichy on 1 July because it was the city with the second largest hotel capacity at the time and a modern telephone exchange, enabling the government and 600 members of the French Parliament to meet in July in the main auditorium of the Opera House, voting for the end of the 'Third Republic', followed by Philippe Pétain as 'Head of State', as only 80 of the 600 members of Parliament voiced their opposition, and Vichy could and would be, for more than four years, the de facto capital of the French State and especially the French colonial empire - 1940-1944 Vichy France headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, first an independent ally of Nazi Germany until late 1942 when foreign Nazi regime took full control, now together remaining responsible for the administration of France as well as its colonies
Demographics of Marseille: Population and demographics of Marseille
Economy of Marseille: Economy of Marseille
11 November 2019 mothers call on Macron to use gangland profits to revive communities: 11 November 2019: Marseille's mothers call on Macron to use gangland profits to revive communities
Timeline of Marseille: Timeline of Marseille
20/27 June 2021 regional elections in Marseille: 20/27 juin 2021 élections départementales à Marseille
Alpes-Maritimes department of France located in the country's southeast corner: Alpes-Maritimes department of France located in the country's southeast corner, on the Italian border and Mediterranean coast. Part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, it encompasses the French Riviera alongside neighbouring Var, with a a population of 1,083,310 citizens in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Nice. Alpes-Maritimes has become one of the world's most attractive tourist destinations since 20th century, featuring renowned cities and towns such as Nice, Grasse, Cannes, Antibes, Menton, Èze, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin and Sainte-Agnès, as well as numerous alpine ski resorts. It also entirely surrounds the Principality of Monaco, significant for French public finances. Alpes-Maritimes is one of France's most backward looking departments, as the majority led by The Republicans in the departmental council holds all but two of the 54 seats following the 2021 election
History and timeline of Cannes: History and timeline of Cannes
25 mai 2022 soutien au peuple ukrainien au Festival de Cannes 2022: 25 mai 2022: 'Butterfly Vision', le nouveau film ukrainien présenté cette année à Cannes, s'est vu offrir un traitement de faveur avec l'organisation d’une manifestation autorisée contre la guerre en Ukraine. Le film de Maksym Nakonechnyi raconte le retour d'une femme soldat auprès de sa famille après avoir été emprisonnée et torturée par les forces séparatistes du Donbass, et le Festival de Cannes avait donné son autorisation pour qu'une manifestation politique contre la guerre en Ukraine soit organisée lors de la montée des marches. Une protestation silencieuse au cours de laquelle l'équipe du film a déroulé une grande banderole noire, dévoilant le message: 'Les Russes tuent des Ukrainiens. Trouvez-vous qu'il est offensant et dérangeant de parler de génocide?' À la fin de la séance, le public a longuement ovationné l'équipe du film, présente dans la salle. Derrière eux, des drapeaux ukrainiens ont été brandis en soutien.
Economy, port and tourism in Nice: Economy, port and tourism in Nice
1543 Siege of Nice by Turkish forces: August 1543 Siege of Nice by Turkish forces
1914-1918 Première Guerre mondiale, l’entre-deux-guerres, 1939-1915 Seconde Guerre mondiale et 'Gestapo': 1914-1918 Première Guerre mondiale, l’entre-deux-guerres, et 1939-1915 Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le 10 juin 1940, la déclaration de guerre de l'Italie contre la France provoque l'arrestation des fascistes italiens qui habitent à Nice. À la suite de la signature de l'armistice du 22 juin 1940, le maire de Nice Jean Médecin se rallie au maréchal Pétain. Des agressions antisémites ont lieu en juillet 1941 et en mai, juin et septembre 1942. Le gouvernement Laval déclenche une rafle de Juifs étrangers le 26 août 1942. 655 personnes sont arrêtés et internées à la caserne Auvare. 560 d'entre elles sont déportées à Auschwitz via Drancy, le 31 août 1942. Les premiers groupes de résistance sont constitués dès septembre 1940, au lycée de garçons (lycée Masséna). Les premières actions ont lieu en 1942. Le 14 juillet 1942, une manifestation réunit plusieurs centaines de personnes place Masséna. La Résistance se poursuit. Le 14 juillet 1943, une manifestation d'un millier de personnes a lieu avenue de la Victoire et place Masséna. Sur la pression des autorités occupantes, Jean Médecin quitte la ville le 27 juillet 1943. La capitulation de l'Italie, en septembre 1943, marque la fin de l'occupation italienne, mais le début de l'occupation allemande, particulièrement brutale. La Gestapo exécute ou torture à mort 32 résistants, dont 23 sont fusillés à L'Ariane, les 22 juillet 1944 et le 15 août 1944. Elle déporte également 390 résistants et otages vers les camps de concentration. Jean Médecin, pour sa part, est interné le 28 juin 1944 à Belfort mais échappe à la déportation contrairement à son ami Charles Buchet. Le 7 juillet 1944 enfin, la Gestapo procède à la pendaison publique de deux résistants membres des FTP Francs-Tireurs et Partisans. Le succès du débarquement de Provence provoque le repli des troupes nazies vers la frontière italienne. Les résistants lancent une grande insurrection, le 28 août 1944. Les nazis abandonnent la ville.
Since 2011 Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur: Since 2011 Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur
History and timeline of Toulouse: History of Toulouse
Since 1160 timeline of Montpellier: Timeline of Montpellier since 1160
Timeline of Nantes: Timeline of Nantes
Economy of Saint-Nazaire: Economy of Saint-Nazaire
Timeline of Saint-Nazaire since antiquity: History and timeline of Saint-Nazaire since antiquity
Timeline of Angers since 4th century: Timeline of Angers since 4th century
Nouvelle-Aquitaine region: Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, the largest administrative region in France spanning the west and southwest of the mainland, created by the territorial reform of French regions in 2014 through the merger of three regions Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. It has 5,956,978 inhabitants (municipal population on 1 January 2017). Its prefecture and largest city, Bordeaux, together with its suburbs and satellite cities, forms the seventh-largest metropolitan area of France, with 850,000 inhabitants. The region has 25 major urban areas, among which the most important after Bordeaux are Bayonne (288,000 inhabitants), Limoges (283,000), Poitiers (255,000), Pau (241,000) and La Rochelle (206,000), as well as eleven major clusters. The growth of its population, particularly marked on the coast, makes this one of the most attractive areas economically in France. The new region outperforms Île-de-France and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in demographic dynamism - Aquitaine
July 2022 France's south-west Atlantic coast wildfires: 16 July 2022: Near France's south-west Atlantic coast, a local resident described France's fires - part of North African and European forest fires - as feeling 'post-apocalyptic'. 'I've never seen this before', Karyn who lives near Teste-de-Buch told news agency AFP. The fire there and another just south of Bordeaux have ravaged nearly 10,000 hectares. Some 3,000 firefighters are tackling the blazes. Christophe Nader and his family are now at a shelter near Teste-de-Buch, having fled their house in the village of Cazaux with nothing more than the clothes they are wearing. He told the BBC he was hoping to get back there to rescue their cat. Hundreds of others from the danger zone are also at the temporary shelter, which has provided beds. Animal rescues are being organised from there, but it is a slow process, the BBC's Jessica Parker reports.
Timeline of Bordeaux: Timeline of Bordeaux
12 June 2020 noting colonial past France's Bordeaux adds info plaques to slave trader street signs: 12 June 2020: As statues of slave traders and colonial figures tumble worldwide in a wave of anger against racism, and as some local French authorities remove monuments of racist figures and rename streets honoring them - after protesters against police brutality and racism in the wake of African American George Floyd’s killing by a white police officer, after Bordeaux was France’s second largest slave port, prospered off the lucrative trade, deporting 150,000 African slaves to the Americas from 1672 to 1837 and providing Europe with goods - have toppled statues of colonial figures in Britain, Belgium and the USA, Bordeaux is instead trying to inform the public of their 'complicated' pasts, indead complicated due to French colonial history and crimes against human rights
Demographics, education and health in Bayonne: Demography, education and health in Bayonne
Economy of Bayonne: Economy of Bayonne
History of Bayonne since ancient times: History of Bayonne since ancient times (prehistory)
Demographics of France: Demographics of France
Ethnic groups in France: Ethnic groups in France
French people by ethnic or national origin: French people - French people by ethnic or national origin
Jews and Judaism in France and history: Jews and Judaism in France - History of the Jews in France
Since 1007 persecutions of Jews in the Kingdom of France: Since 1007 widespread persecutions of Jews in France instigated by the King of France
Since 1799/1804 Napoleon Bonaparte's 'First French Empire' and the Jews in France: Since 1799/1804 Napoleon Bonaparte's 'First French Empire' and the Jews in France
African immigration to France: African immigration to France
2016: 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 13 février 2016: Le Premier ministre français Valls ne veut pas aller plus loin que le quota de 30'000 réfugiés en France et a d'ailleurs rencontré CSU Horst Seehofer, l'une de ces voix critiques parmi les alliés de la chancelière allemande - 13 February 2016: French PM Valls rejects permanent quota system for refugees, saying 'We won't take any more' - 28 February 2016: The first purpose-built camp in France to provide proper, humanitarian-standard shelter to refugees who are currently sleeping rough is to open near the port of Dunkirk next month, after the local Green mayor Damien Carême approached Médecins sans Frontières and asked the organisation to construct temporary shelters, saying he was exasperated by what he deemed to be the inaction of the French Socialist government
2018: 8 janvier 2018: La France a enregistré un niveau 'historique' de demandes d'asile en 2017, alors que le gouvernement prépare une loi sur l'immigration déjà à l'origine de débats animés - 11 January 2018: Anger grows at French president over migration law plans, shariong close views with Austria's Kurz on European issues including migration - 17 January 2018: NGOs accuse Macron, who campaigned for president last year as a champion of open borders, of betraying France’s long tradition of offering sanctuary, also accusing the police in Calais of trying to drive out migrants by 'exhaustion' - 24 mars 2018: Une migrante nigériane, qui a souhaité finir sa grossesse auprès de sa soeur en France mais était bloqué par les gendarmes français qui l'ont juste déposée en pleine nuit devant la gare de Bardonnecchia, est morte la semaine dernière dans un hôpital de Turin, son bébé Israel est né par césarienne juste avant
Statistics of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France: Statistics of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France
Language policy in France: Language policy in France - French literature
Architecture and arts in France: Architecture in France - Arts in France - French literature
Music of France: Music of France
Music history of France: French music history
Women and women's rights in France: Women in France - Women's rights in France
1791 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen 1791
Islamic dress controversy in France: Islamic dress controversy in France
Violence against women in France: Violence against women in France
Protection de l'enfance en France: Protection de l'enfance en France
Colleges and universities in France: Universities and colleges in France
Science and technology in France: Science and technology in France
Health in France: Health in France
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in France: Medical outbreaks in France - Health disasters in France
Timeline of the 2020 covid-19 pandemic in France and situation by region: Timeline of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in France by region
14 July 2021 France’s new health pass rules raise questions as many scramble to adapt: 14 July 2021: France’s new health pass rules raise questions as many scramble to adapt
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Overseas France: Medical outbreaks in Overseas France - Health disasters in Overseas France
1960-1996 French nuclear weapons testing in Algeria and Polynesia: Since 1960 French nuclear weapons testing in French colonies
2020 covid-19 pandemic in Overseas France: 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Overseas France
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe
8 April 2020 Guadeloupe reports 141 covid-19 cases and 8 deaths: 8 April 2020: Guadeloupe reports 141 covid-19 cases, 8 deaths, and 43 recovered
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Guiana: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Guiana
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Martinique: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Martinique
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mayotte: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mayotte
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in New Caledonia: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in New Caledonia
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Polynesia: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Polynesia
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Réunion: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Réunion
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Saint Martin: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Saint Martin
8 April 2020 Saint Martin reports 32 covid-19 cases and 2 deaths: 8 April 2020: Saint Martin reports 32 covid-19 cases, 2 deaths, and 11 recovered
Since April 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Since April 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Timeline of healthcare in France: Timeline of healthcare in France
Athletics, swimming, water sports, skiing and gymnastics in France: Athletics in France - Swimming in France - Water sports in France - Sailing in France - Skiing in France - Gymnastics in France
Handball, basketball, ice hockey and tennis in France: Handball in France - Basketball in France - Volleyball in France - Ice hockey in France - Tennis in France
2016: 9-11 June 2016 Marseille riots before and after UEFA Euro 2016 football match between England and Russia - 11/12 June 2016: Reports from Marseille suggest an England supporter is fighting for his life after an attack from Russian fans ahead of their Euro 2016 match on Saturday evening - 12 June 2016: Violence in Nice as Northern Ireland and Poland fans attacked by local hooligans - 12 June 2016: Russian hooligans reportedly approached the violence, which occurred before and after England’s opening Euro 2016 game in Marseille, with 'military organisation', well equipped and disguised, as Uefa opens disciplinary proceedings against Russia’s football union - 13 June 2016: German hooligans attack Ukraine fans in Lille also showing fascist symbolism at UEFA Euro 2016 - 13 June 2016: Notorious far-right activist Alexander Shprygin who has been photographed giving a Nazi salute is travelling with the official Russian FA delegation at Euro 2016 and was in Marseille at the weekend as clashes erupted between Russian and English fans - 14 June: Russia handed suspended '2016 UEFA European Football Championship' disqualification, confirmed by UEFA - 16 June: Dozens arrested in Lille after England and Russia foot supporters clash and more people are hospitalised - 18 June: Senior UK government officials fear the violence unleashed by Russian hooligans at Euro 2016 was sanctioned by Vladimir Putin’s regime and are investigating links with his regime as a significant number of those involved in savage and highly coordinated attacks on England fans and others in Marseille and Lille have been identified as being in the 'uniformed services' in Russia
Cycling and cycle racing in France: Cycling in France - Cycle racing in France
Hate speech laws in France: Hate speech laws in France
History of French journalism: History of French journalism
Since 1789 newspapers of the French Revolution: List of journals appearing under the French Revolution
Newspapers in France: Newspapers in France
Internet in France: Internet in France
Internet censorship in France: Internet censorship in France
2013 censorship of Wikipedia in France: 2013 censorship of Wikipedia in France
Internet technology companies of France: Internet technology companies of France
Internet service providers of France: Internet service providers of France
Telecommunications in France: Telecommunications in France
Information technology companies of France: Information technology companies of France
Computer companies of France: Computer companies of France
Crime in France: Crime in France
French war crimes: French war crimes
Since 1799 Napoleonic wars, casualties and war crimes: 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars, total war, millions of Napoleonic wars casualties, leading to an ongoing period of restoration, reaction, nationalism and chauvinism worldwide - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior' - 25. Januar 2006: Daß Napoleon Bonaparte ein überzeugter Rassist war, der schwarze Franzosen vergasen ließ, rüttelt an den Grundfesten der 'Grande Nation' der französischen Kolonialherren
Since 1930/1931 and since 1945 French use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture during its Indochina War in Vietnam since 1945
Antisemitism in France: Antisemitism in France
1940-1944 Vichy France, French Nazi collaborators and history of Jews in Vichy France: Vichy France 1940-1944 - French Nazi collaborators - Histoire des Juifs sous le régime de Vichy
Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps: Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps
Since 1958 history of fascist and neo-Nazi movements in France's fifth republic: Since 1958 history of fascist and neo-Nazi movements in France's fifth republic
2014 French payment of $60 million for Holocaust victims deported by state rail company: 5 December 2014: France to pay $60 million for Holocaust victims deported by state rail company to Nazi death camps
2017 Céline praised by Emmanuel Macron: 31. Dezember 2017: Von Louis-Ferdinand Céline, so Emmanuel Macron im Interview mit Michel Houellebecq im Mai 2017, könne man lernen, die Sorgen des 'Mannes auf der Straße' ernstzunehmen, Macron erwähnt allerdings nicht, daß Céline in seinen Schriften 'dem Mann auf der Straße' den Nationalsozialismus empfiehlt und z.B. Ernst Jünger auffordert mit seiner Kompanie die Juden abzuschlachten 'und keinen übrig zu lassen' - In his 1937 antisemitic pamphlet 'Bagatelles pour un massacre' Céline campaigned for an alliance between France and Nazi Germany, writing 'Who is the true friend of the people? Fascism is. Who has done the most for the working man? The USSR or Hitler? Hitler has. Who has done the most for the small businessman? Not Thorez but Hitler
Holocaust denial in France: Holocaust denial in France
France's 'National Front': France's 'National Front'
Racism and Antisemitism in 21st-century France: Antisemitism in 21st-century France
2015: 7 January 2015: Unidentified individuals started a fire inside a synagogue in Garges near Paris and drew a swastika on its wall - January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris - 3 February 2015: Anti-terror patrol soldiers stabbed outside Jewish cultural center in Nice - 15 February 2015: Several hundred tombs desecrated with Nazi swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans at the Jewish cemetery of Sarre-Union near the German border a day after a deadly shooting at Copenhagen synagogue - 19 February 2015: The French are becoming more racist and intolerant towards ethnic and religious minorities including both Muslims and Jews, according to a Council of Europe report this week - 28 February 2015: Paris killer asked victims if they were Jewish before firing, transcript shows - 10 April: After defending Petain's cooperation with Nazi Germany and his past comment that Nazi gas chambers were a 'detail of history', France's National Front founder Le Pen rebuffs daughter's call to quit - 27 April 2015: Front National founder Jean-Marie Le Pen allegedly kept €2.2m in hidden Swiss bank account - 2 May 2015: Two Jewish residents of Paris were assaulted on the street Friday by a gang of about 40 people - 25 November 2015: A Belgian court finds French Dieudonne guilty of hate speech, incitement to hatred and Holocaust denial
March 2018 murder of Mireille Knoll: 23 March 2018 murder of Mireille Knoll, officially described as a hate crime - 25 March 2018: Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll’s body found burnt, stabbed in Paris apartment, who had previously reported that a neighbor threatened to burn her, according to BNVCA and French media - 26 mars 2018: Deux hommes ont été placés en garde à vue et le parquet de Paris a retenu le caractère antisémite dans l’enquête sur le meurtre de Mireille Knoll, qui avait rescapée de la rafle des Juifs du Vel d’Hiv’ de juillet 1942 en s’enfuyant de Paris avec sa mère - 27 March 2018: Family members of Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death and set on fire in her Paris apartment, told Israeli media she had known one of her assailants, a Muslim neighbor, since he was seven years old, as police admits that Mireille Knoll had previously called police and complained that the neighbor had threatened to kill her
Toulouse and Montauban shootings March 2012: March 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings - 19 March 2012: A motorcycle gunman opened fire on Monday in front of a Jewish school in Toulouse, killing a father, his two sons and one other child - 20. März 2012: Tausende an Schweigemarsch in Paris nach den tödlichen Schüssen in einer jüdischen Schule in Toulouse - 21 mars: Opération en cours contre le suspect de la tuerie de Toulouse - 22 March: Siege of alleged gunman in Toulouse enters second day - 22 March: French gunman who shot dead 3 Jewish children killed in siege in Toulouse - 25 March: Several thousand people have marched silently through Paris urging unity and tolerance of all religions and cultures after deadly shootings of Jewish schoolchildren - 28 March: Vigilance call after French Jews hit by new attacks
Clément Méric assassiné le 5 juin 2013: Clément Méric, membre de l’Action antifasciste, assassiné à Paris, le 5 juin 2013 - 6 juin 2013: Agressé par un groupe de plusieurs militants d'extrême droite JNR, le militant du Parti de Gauche Clément Méric en état de mort cérébrale - 6 juin: Clément Méric, le militant antifasciste agressé par des skinheads, est mort - 8 June: Five skinheads to face court after assassination of Clement Meric - 14 September 2018: Two skinheads convicted over 2013 death of anti-fascist activist Clement Méric, as Méric’s mother Agnes says 'what is needed is to continue to fight against the breeding grounds of the extreme right', and several hundred anti-fascists gathered in Paris for the verdict, chanting 'Clement! Clement! We do not forget, we do not forgive'
January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks in Paris: January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack in Paris - January 2015 Île-de-France attacks - January 2015 killing of police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe in Paris - January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris - Worldwide protests against the terror attacks in Paris, 'Je suis Charlie' solidarity movement with the victims and reactions of governments to the terror attacks - 7 January: Worldwide vigils as French authorities seek terrorists who stormed the Paris office of satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 people - 8 January: Arrests made as police hunt for suspects of Charlie Hebdo shooting - 9 January: France to host international 'anti-terrorism' meeting in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo massacre in Paris - 9 January: Search for terrorists continues as Charlie Hebdo announces to print 1 million copies next week - 10 January: Two hostage standoffs end with four hostages killed in Paris kosher grocery, three terrorists dead and four more hostages badly hurt - 9 March: Four people including a policewoman arrested over suspected links to Paris kosher market terrorist
13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks: 13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks, a series of shootings and explosions in and around Paris - 14 Novemer 2015: Gunmen kill at least 120 people in terror attacks in Paris, injuring some 200 people - 15 November: French national suicide bomber Ismael Omar Mostefai in Paris attacks identified, who had been flagged as a possible security threat in 2010, as investigation spreads across Europe - 16 November: French police carry out raids as investigations across borders continue - 17 November: France calls for EU help following Paris attacks - 18 November: Police in St-Denis arresting suspects, two suspects dead in ongoing raid, including a woman who detonated an explosive device - 19 November: Raids in Brussels linked to Stade de France suicide bomber as latest evidence points to wider conspiracy of primarily young Europeans - 20 November: Three people died during the Wednesday night raid in St-Denis, where the alleged ringleader of the Paris attacks Abaaoud was killed, prosecutor says - 21 November: Raids and Paris attacks investigations across borders continue as three suspects arrested in Turkey - 23 November: UK's Cameron visits Paris offering support, also offering French use of RAF Cyprus base for attacks against IS terrorists - 24 November: 'Belt of explosives' found south of Paris in town of Montrouge - 27 novembre 2015: Un quotidien allemand affirme vendredi que les fusils d'assaut qui ont servi dans la capitale proviendraient du Bade-Wurtemberg - 27 November: Survivors and victims' families of Paris terror attacks attend memorial ceremony
July 2016: 14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice - 15 July 2016: 84 people were killed and about 100 more injured when a suspected armed French-Tunisian man drove a truck at full speed into a crowd who had gathered to watch the Bastille Day fireworks in Nice - 15 July 2016: After attack in Nice France mourns and investigates again - International reactions to the 14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice - 17 juillet: Un feu d'artifice tiré dans la nuit depuis le Grand hôtel de Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat 48 heures après l'attentat commis sur la Promenade des Anglais, a suscité une vague d'indignation sur Twitter - 21 juillet 2016: L'enquête sur la tuerie du 14-juillet à Nice révèle une préparation ancienne et des complicités multiples - 22 July 2016: Five suspects formally charged over Bastille day's truck attack in Nice that killed 84 people - 22 July: Authorities in Nice refuse a request from French anti-terror police to delete surveillance camera images of Bastille day's deadly truck attack, amid growing questions over the scale of the police presence at the time and after interior minister Cazeneuve acknowledged that only lightly armed local police were guarding the entrance to the pedestrian zone on the Nice beachfront - 24 juillet: La policière responsable de la vidéosurveillance à Nice affirme avoir subi des pressions du ministère de l'Intérieur lors de la rédaction d'un rapport sur le 14-juillet, on lui aurait demandé de mentionner la présence de policiers nationaux sur les lieux de l'attaque - 25 juillet 2016: La policière municipale Sandra Bertin qui a accusé dans le Journal du dimanche le ministère de l'Intérieur de lui avoir fait subir des pressions pour qu'elle modifie un rapport sur le dispositif de sécurité après l'attentat du 14 juillet à Nice a maintenu dimanche soir ses accusations
Police violence and abuses in France: Police abuses in France
1961 Paris massacre: Paris massacre of 1961
Riots in France: Riots in France
June 2016 UEFA Euro riots in France: UEFA Euro 2016 riots in France
Since August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following anti-Semitic attack: Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 9 August 1982 Goldenberg restaurant attack, a bombing and shooting attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris's Marais district carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity - 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists
Accusation d’emplois fictifs au MoDem, le Mouvement démocrate de François Bayrou - 8 juin 2017: L'affaire des collaborateurs de députés du Parlement européen contamine de plus en plus les alliés centristes de l'entourage de Macron - 9 juin 2017: Une dizaine de salariés du MoDem ont également été employés par des eurodéputés MoDem et rémunérés comme assistants parlementaires, dont deux ministres en exercice, selon Franceinfo - 20 June 2017: French defence minister Sylvie Goulard, who is second minister to go in 24 hours, steps down over allegations her MoDem party misused European funds - 21 June 2017: Two more ministers quit Macron administration amid funding inquiry, bringing the number of ministers to leave to four - François Bayrou, Marielle de Sarnez, Richard Ferrand and Sylvie Goulard - in just 48 hours
Violence against women and rape in France: Violence against women in France - Viol en France
Law enforcement in France: Law enforcement in France
Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes: Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes
Child abuse and sexual abuse in France: Child abuse in France - Child sexual abuse in France
Judiciary of France: Judiciary of France
Law enforcement in France: Law enforcement in France
Law enforcement in France: Law enforcement in France
Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes: Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes
National Police and National Gendarmerie of France: National Police (France) - National Gendarmerie
Wars involving France: Wars involving France
Resistance to the French colonial empire: Resistance to the French colonial empire
France/Comoros relations: France/Comoros relations
1841-1975 French colonial rule of the Comoros: 1841-1975 French colonial rule of the Comoros
22 May 2023 French authorities begin demolition of vast Mayotte shantytown: 22 May 2023: French authorities on the French Indian Ocean island of Mayotte on Monday began demolishing homes in a large slum in an operation against sub-standard housing and illegal migration, as diggers started destroying Majicavo slum at early Monday morning as part of Operation Wuambushu, 'Take Back' in the local language. The affected families on Sunday began picking their precious belongings in anticipation of Monday’s demolition by the authorities. Some families lamented the government for taking such a decision without prior consideration of their financial status to relocate. 'Talus 2' shantytown resident Fatima Youssouf said 'I have been working since 2001, until now I have never stopped working. I am one of the hard working women in this world to raise my seven children. I work and contribute like everyone else. And today I'm being taken out as, I don't know .... I pay my taxes, I pay my dues when I have to, I contribute like everyone else', 'africanews' reports.
1793 slave rebellion in Guadeloupe: 1793 slave rebellion in Guadeloupe
20th–21st centuries history of Guadeloupe islands: 20th–21st centuries history of Guadeloupe islands
23 November 2021 unrest continues in Guadeloupe, violence in Martinique: 23 novembre 2021: Le couvre-feu prolongé en Guadeloupe, des policiers visés par des tirs en Martinique
History of Martinique: History of Martinique
French Polynesia: French Polynesia
Réunion: Réunion
Treaties of France: Treaties of France
French membership in international organisations: French membership in international organisations
Since 1945 France and the United Nations: France and the United Nations
France and NATO: France and NATO
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market and tensions with Nato: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
1966-2009 French withdrawal from NATO: 1966-2009 French withdrawal from NATO
November 2019 Macron criticised over Nato 'brain death' claims: 7 November 2019: France's Macron criticised by USA and Germany over Nato 'brain death' claims
August 2019 G7 summit in Biarritz: 24-26 August 2019 G7 summit in Biarritz
24 August 2019 G7 emergency talks over Amazon wildfires crisis: 24 August 2019: G7 leaders to hold emergency talks over Amazon wildfires crisis
Foreign relations of France by continent and country: Foreign relations of France by continent - Bilateral relations of France
France/Africa relations: France/Africa relations
July/August 2020 France continues to exploit African countries with unfair obligations: 7 July 2020: Seeing since the 1960s that the fight for independence was inevitable, France decided to grant its colonies free rule, but countries had to sign cooperation pacts that ensured that their ties were not severed. These accords tied the former colonies to the Franc, the French educational system, and its military and commercial preferences, as colonial tax, the infamous obligation on CFA Franc Zone members, requires them to 'keep 50 percent of their foreign exchange reserves in an operations account held at the French Treasury' - 9 August 2020: Tens of thousands of African students are still stuck in France this summer, long after their studies have concluded because of covid-19, unable to return home to countries where the pandemic is accelerating, unable to pay the price of airline tickets often increased enormously, and forced to rely on visits to foodbanks run by UNEF union of students to supplement their diet
France/Algeria relations: France/Algeria relations
1830-1962 rule in Algeria: 1830-1962 French rule in Algeria
Since 1960 French nuclear test site Reggane: France and weapons of mass destruction - France and nuclear weapons
France/Americas relations: France/Americas relations
From the 16th through to the 19th centuries French, British, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic slave trade: From the 16th through to the 19th centuries French, British, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets
Since 1799 France's Napoleon restored slavery: Since 1799 France's Napoleon restored slavery
France/Angola relations: France/Angola relations
Since 1975 French support of Unita in the Angolan Civil War 1975-2002: Since 1975 USA's agency CIA activities in Angola, participating in the Angolan Civil War 1975-2002, hiring and training USA, British, French and Portuguese private military contractors, and training rebels to fight against the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Unita received support from several states including France, Morocco, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the USA, as USA governments 'explicitly encouraged' other governments to aid Unita, in 1983 the USA and South African apartheid regime agreed to ship weapons from the Honduras, Belgium and Switzerland to South Africa and then to Unita in Angola, the USA also traded weapons with South Africa for intelligence on the civil war - 1975–1976 'Operation Savannah' was the South African apartheid regime's military covert intervention in the Angolan War of Independence, and the subsequent Angolan Civil War
France/Argentina relations: France/Argentina relations
France/Asia relations: France/Asia relations
1887-1954 'French Indochina': 1887-1954 'French Indochina'
France/Australia relations: France/Australia relations
16 Septemner 2021 major arms exporter France disappointed after loss of estimated €10bn arms deal concerning Beijing regime: 15 September 2021 trilateral security pact between Australia, the UK, and the USA, that will help Australia to develop and deploy nuclear-powered submarines, adding to the Western military presence in the Pacific region to counter the influence of Beijing regime's China in the Indo-Pacific region, as analysts and media have also characterized the alliance as a way to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan) from one party regime's expansionism - 16 Septemner 2021: As France is a major arms exporter, and the loss of an estimated €10bn (£7.25bn), once penalty clauses are included, hardly dents this industry. A state visit to Washington for Macron, a few contracts directed at the French Naval Group in Cherbourg, some Biden charm, an assurance that this was a purely Australian military decision based on a changed threat assessment, France’s exclusion, after USA, UK and Australia were setting up a trilateral security partnership aimed at confronting Beijing's regime, showing the extent to which the USA does not trust it with nuclear technology
France/Belgium relations: France/Belgium relations
France/Benin relations: France/Benin relations
Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to 'Porto Novo' for Portuguese and European slave trade: Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to Porto Novo by the Portuguese, meaning 'New Port', and originally developed as a port for the slave trade
February-October 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War: February-October 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War
1892-1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War: 1892-1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War
August 1960 Dahomey's independence from France: On 1 August 1960 Dahomey declared independence from France
France/Brazil relations: France/Brazil relations
France-Brazil economic relations: France-Brazil economic relations
France/Burkina Faso relations: France/Burkina Faso relations
France/Cameroon relations: France/Cameroon relations
Since 1947 Union of the Peoples of Cameroon: Since 1947 Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
France/Central African Republic relations: France/Central African Republic relations
1894-1958/1960 French colony French Equatorial Africa: CAR French colony 1894-1940 - 1910-1958/1960 French Equatorial Africa
France/Chad relations: France/Chad relations